经济全球化推动下的税收竞争及其对我国税制的挑战

经济全球化是生产关系在全球范围内的大调整,必然会对作为上层建筑的税制产生极其深刻的影响.80年代中后期世界各国的税制改革标志着税收竞争进入了一个新阶段.90年代中后期世界各国的税制调整既具有80年代中后期税收竞争"低税率、宽税基"的基本特征,又具有加强政府干预的新特征,是新自由主义与凯恩斯主义在经济全球化条件下重新结合的产物.我国税制较好地体现了80年代与90年代税收竞争的双重特征,但又存在企业税负偏重,不利于税收竞争的缺陷.     

有害税收竞争及其启示

OECD发布了三份关于反有害税收竞争的报告,主要针对金融和其他具有地理流动性的活动。税收竞争问题远远不是税率或税收优惠政策的研究、调整问题,税收竞争的本质是优化整体税制的结构,提高本国的税制竞争力。要正确认识税收竞争问题的本质,反对有害税收竞争,努力提升我国税制的竞争力。     

税收竞争理论发展综述

上世纪80年代中后期以来,税收竞争理论研究已经成为公共经济学领域研究的重要课题之一。近年来,国外对税收竞争的研究取得了众多的研究成果。而我国的研究起步较晚,仍处于介绍与评析国外理论阶段。随着全球化进程的加快,跨国公司活动的日益活跃,国家与国家之间的联系日益密切,如何充分运用税收竞争理论完善我国涉外税收制度、维护我国在对外经济交往中的税收利益、促进我国国内经济的发展将成为以后重要的研究方向。     

税收竞争辨证观

税收竞争(Tax Competition)作为经济全球化下税收跨国外部效应的产物,集中反映了当前国际税收关系中主权与协调这对主要矛盾.关于税收竞争,目前尚未在理论上给出一个理想的定义,但我们可以从税收实务的角度较好地认识它.通常意义上的税收竞争一般包括两个层次,一是以特定产业、特定交易形式为对象的一般主权国家的税收优惠措施,二是将税收优惠发展到极致的避税地税制.     

国际税收竞争的实质及应对

国际税收竞争实质上是市场竞争规律在政府行政领域的体现形式。良性税收竞争有助于降低总体税负、减少经济扭曲、提升公共产品生产效率,但对此类竞争的国际协调难以取得实质成效。恶性税收竞争则会掠夺性地侵占他国税基,对此类竞争的遏制具备理论的必要性和可行性。政府可通过改革现行税制、精简规范收费、优化公共服务以及加强国际合作来应对国际税收竞争。     

浅论有害税收竞争

有害税收竞争问题的提出是与不同税收管辖权之间税收竞争趋势日渐激烈直接相关的。贸易自由化和经济全球化的迅速发展,使经济活动日益突破国界,资源、资金、人员、技术、信息等要素的跨国流动日趋频繁。因此,经济活动的跨国界性和税收管辖权的传统地域限制的矛盾更加突出。它一方面促使各国原本差异很大的税收逐渐趋各规范和趋同,世界税制一体化进程加快;另一方面,税收作为吸引生产要素和影响基流动的重要因素,以降低税率或实施优惠为主旋律的税收竞争也成为各国维护自身利益的重要手段。在当今科技发展迅速,特别是通讯技术的日新月异和以互联网为依托的电子商务的迅猛发展的势态下,生产要素的国际流动更加便捷、迅速,经济活动方式日趋更新和多样化,特别是金融创新层出不穷,资本更具流动性和隐蔽性。因此,新的经济形势给各国税制带来了空间的压力和挑战,各国间的税收竞争将更加激烈。无疑,世界税制的规范和趋同就是各国税收竞争的直接结果。     

法律控制:遏制政府间恶性税收竞争的有效手段

有效的法律控制制度的缺乏是现阶段我国政府间恶性税收竞争屡禁不止的主要原因.为防止恶性税收竞争的扩散,我们应完善税制税法,尽快制定反垄断法并完善反不正当竞争法;积极推进依法治税,以有效遏制恶性税收竞争.     

捷克的税收体制改革

税收是捷克财政收入的主要形式,税收收入约占国内生产总值的27.15%,国家对充分发挥税收的作用极为重视.随着政治、经济体制的转轨,捷克对税收体制进行了一系列根本性改革.税制改革的基本方向是统一税制,简化税率,实行以增值税和所得税为主体的流转税制度.     

加入WTO后我国面临国际税收竞争的挑战与对策

国际税收竞争既可能推动经济的发展，也可能阻碍经济的发展。我国加入WTO后，国际税收竞争对我国税收主权的完整、现行税制的效用以及税款的征收提出了挑战。为此，我国应积极参入国际税收协调、推进税制改革以及加速反避税工作。     

论税制改革、优化与税收征管均衡发展

税制改革与优化为税收征管创造良好的实施基础,有助于税收征管质量和效率的提高;税收征管是税制改革与优化的制约因素,良好的税收征管是保证税制有效运行的手段,税收征管质量和效率的提高有利于税制改革与优化,为税制改革与优化提供更广阔的空间。只有税制改革、优化与税收征管均衡发展,才能更好地实现税收政策的经济社会目标,充分发挥税收的作用。     

How Should Business Profit Be Taxed? Some Thoughts on Conceptual Developments During the Lifetime of the IFS*

This paper reviews developments since the 1970s in economic thinking about the design of taxes on business profit. It charts developments from proposals for a cash flow tax from the Meade Committee, to refinements of this in the form of an ‘Allowance for Corporate Equity’ and the levying of the cash flow tax in the country of destination. It describes how the development of international trade and investment has led to ever‐increasing problems in the international tax system with respect to economic efficiency, profit shifting, complexity and tax competition. It also identifies why a response to these problems requires a major reform in the location of taxation.     

Tax Competition and Tax Coordination in the European Union

This paper examines the tax competition literature and attempts to draw out its implications for the debate on corporate tax coordination within the EU. It begins with the early basic tax competition model, which derives conditions under which underprovision of public services occurs and tax harmonization unambiguously improves welfare for all states in the union. The paper then turns to a wide variety of extensions of this model, some of which reinforce its results and others that yield rather different conclusions. The analysis concludes by considering the implications of the tax competition literature for the debate on EU corporate tax coordination, drawing on some recent efforts to synthesize this vast literature by estimating the efficiency costs of tax competition and simulating the efficiency gains from various tax coordination palns.     

Tax Reforms, Debt Shifting and Tax Revenues: Multinational Corporations in Canada

An analysis of Canadiancorporate income tax revenues during the 1984–94 periodshows a relative shifting of tax revenue shares between Canadianand foreign-controlled corporations, and a substantial changein the debt levels of foreign-controlled corporations, as wellas Canadian-based multinationals. We claim that these changesmay have been associated with the tax reforms undertaken by theUnited States and Canada in the mid-1980s resulting in the relativechange in the tax rates between the two countries. We also hypothesizethat if this difference persists and in Canadian-controlled corporationscontinue to aggressively expand abroad, the Canadian corporatetax base could experience further pressure.     

Has Tax Competition Emerged in OECD Countries? Evidence from Panel Data

The theory of international tax competition suggests a shift of tax burden from mobile to immobile tax bases, especially for small open economies. This paper assesses these hypotheses empirically using a sample of 23 OECD countries and the time period 1965–2000. In accordance with tax competition theory, we find that capital mobility exerts a negative impact on capital tax burden, and a positive one on labor tax burden. Further, we observe a positive effect of country size, suggesting that small open economies are levying lower capital and labor taxes than larger ones. Finally, we analyze the time pattern of tax competition and demonstrate that tax competition has intensified since the mid 1980’s.JEL Code: H7, H87, C23     

税收优惠的国际竞争与影响

税收优惠竞争具有促进自由竞争、保障发展中国家的利益、保障外国投资者利益、对征税权力的约束的正面影响,也具有破坏生产效率、损害税收公平与社会福利、侵蚀其它地区的税基、破坏所得税的累进效果等负面影响。我国在新时期的税收优惠调整中,应该根据税收优惠竞争的正、负面影响综合考虑吸引投资与全民福利最大化双重因素。     

Economic Growth and Tax-Competing Leviathans

Is tax competition good for economic growth? The paper addresses this question by means of a simple model of economic growth in which a wasteful Leviathan state sets taxes and provides a productive input. Wasteful behaviour is restricted by the voter, who reduces political support if her income is reduced. The intensity of tax competition is modelled via variation of a parameter measuring the mobility of the tax base. It is shown that the effects of increased mobility of the tax base on economic growth are ambiguous and that the elasticity of intertemporal substitution, which in this model equals the rate of intratemporal substitution between the government’s own consumption and its political support, is a decisive variable in this context.     

Is Targeted Tax Competition Less Harmful than its Remedies?

Some governments have recently called for international accords restricting the use of preferential taxes targeted to attract mobile tax bases from abroad. Are such agreements likely to discourage tax competition or conversely cause it to spread? We study a general model of competition for multiple tax bases and establish conditions for a restriction on preferential regimes to increase or decrease tax revenues. Our results show that restrictions are most likely to be desirable when tax bases are on average highly responsive to a coordinated increase in tax rates by all governments, and when tax bases with large domestic elasticities are also more mobile internationally. Our analysis allows us to reconcile the apparently contradictory results of the previous literature.     

"特朗普税改政策"的溢出效应及中国的应对策略

特朗普税改使美国成为税收洼地,各国为争夺国际资本竞相效仿降税,加剧了全球税收竞争,为世界经济复苏增加了更多的不确定性.因此,有必要通过构建利润转移视角的税收竞争模型,揭示特朗普税改对全球经济产生溢出效应的作用机制及赤字约束问题,并运用一般均衡模型(CGE)模拟特朗普税改对世界经济溢出效应的长短期影响.特朗普税改是以邻为壑的经济政策,但长期内对中国等世界主要经济体的负面影响不断减弱,并会对出口产生一定的正面影响.因此,我国应构建国际税务交互管理体制,强化企业税收激励的法制保障,完善税改冲击的应急运行机制.