国际投资条约中的税收条款与发展中国家的对策

国际投资仲裁涉税案件日渐增多,国际投资领域中的税收问题凸显。美国等发达国家近年来引入各种模式的税收条款,旨在平衡东道国与外国投资者之间的税收利益。然而,不同模式的税收条款对东道国税收主权造成的影响大相径庭。发展中国家的应对之策应为:结合本国实际,相应地引入专门的税收条款,并选择宽泛的"税收"定义,以降低本国税收管理行为的被诉风险,保留必要的施政空间。     

浅析国际税收协定争端解决机制中的仲裁方式

相互协商程序（Mutual Agreement Procedure，简称MAP）一直是国际税收条约中广泛援引的争端解决方式。近年来．随着国际税收实践日益复杂化，MAP的缺陷和不足已严重影响了税收协定争议的有效解决。作为一种完善措施，美、德等国开始在与别国签订的税收协定中引入仲裁机制，欧盟（EU）、国际商会（ICC）、国际财政协会（IFA）等国际组织还制定了税收争议仲裁示范条款。     

关于中外税收协定引入仲裁程序的探索

仲裁作为解决国际税收争端的新方式,日益受到国际社会重视,经合组织和美国等纷纷在税收协定或其范本中引入仲裁条款。鉴于传统的相互协商程序在解决税收争端时仍保持较高的效率,当务之急是完善和改进中外税收协定中的相互协商程序,然后逐步在转移定价等特定事项上引入自愿性仲裁程序,以兼顾国家税收主权和纳税人权利。     

国际税收争议仲裁制度的法律评析

税收争议问题的解决历来是国际税收实践与理论研究的重要内容。近几年来,无论是经济合作与发展组织(OECD)还是联合国,都通过在范本中引入仲裁制度来完善传统协商制度的不足,其制度技术结构与法理基础各有侧重。本文从法律技术和法理两个角度对新引入的税收仲裁制度进行了评析,并据此提出了国际税收争议仲裁制度对中国国际税收实践的启示。     

国际税收仲裁:理论依据、现实进展及展望

依国际仲裁法及条约法原理,税收协定争议具有可仲裁性,国际税收仲裁有其国际法依据。近年来,国际税收仲裁在制度构建、立法实践与实际运用方面都取得了较大的突破与发展。随着国际税收实践的发展,国际税收仲裁制度终将走向成熟,并为各国所普遍接受与实践。但由于国际税收实践的复杂性,国际税收仲裁的发展将是一个长期、复杂的过程。     

税收优惠因抵免制而失效?——基于美国对华直接投资的研究

在国际直接投资研究领域,人们普遍认为,当母国对来源于外国的所得实行抵免制以避免国际重复课税时,东道国对外资企业的税收优惠往往转化为母国政府的财政收入,母国的投资者无法获得东道国给予的税收优惠.通过对1990～2004年实行抵克制的美国及实行豁免制和饶让抵免制的其它西方发达国家在华直接投资进行比较,未发现美国与其它西方发达国家在华直接投资的积极性存在显著差异.由于美国对该国投资者给予税收递延,使得投资者依然能够获得东道国的税收优惠,美国实行的抵免制并未阻碍该国投资者的在华投资热情.     

国际投资领域税收争议仲裁的新近发展及我国的对策探析

仲裁是国际投资领域税收争议解决的新兴机制,也代表着未来的发展趋势。2008年OECD对税收争议仲裁的启动条件、适用范围、成员组成、纳税人地位、费用承担、裁决形式、裁决效力及执行等作出了完整而明确的可操作性规定。我国应当以仲裁作为解决国际税收争议的基本理念,以在协商程序中纳入仲裁程序作为基本策略,以双边税收协定和投资协定的完善作为突破口及具体路径,从而应对国际投资领域税收争议仲裁的新近发展。     

支柱二规则对我国的影响及企业所得税应对措施北大核心CSSCI

OECD支柱二规则是调整国际税收框架、解决BEPS遗留问题的重要措施。支柱二规则的实施将对我国吸引外商直接投资、激励企业创新以及鼓励企业“走出去”带来较大影响。从企业所得税角度,积极应对支柱二规则的影响,可在对软件企业和集成电路企业提供企业所得税“两免三减半”税收优惠政策的同时,实施“15%优惠税率+2年电子设备固定资产折旧年限”的税收优惠并赋予企业选择权;扩大加速折旧政策适用范围,对“走出去”企业实行参股豁免税收政策,从而增强对“引进来”和“走出去”企业的吸引和激励。     

东道国税收环境与中国企业对外直接投资区位选择

近年来税收影响中国对外直接投资区位选择的重要性日益显示。本文将东道国税收环境概括为总体税负、税制合理性、税收管理效率与税收透明度四个维度。本文收集了2012-2017年沪深A股采矿业、批发和零售业、制造业170家上市公司在77个境外国家和地区进行对外直接投资的相关数据,利用混合回归方法从微观企业行为出发研究中国对外直接投资区位选择与东道国税收环境的相关性。研究发现,中国企业倾向于在总体税负低、税收效率高且签订税收协定的东道国进行对外直接投资,但对东道国税收透明度的敏感程度不高;不同的行业对东道国税收环境敏感度也不同,批发和零售行业对东道国税收管理效率、税收透明度更为敏感,而制造业则对东道国税制复杂程度更为敏感。     

“一带一路”与中国对外直接投资:效应和影响机制北大核心CSSCI

“一带一路”倡议有助于充分利用国内国际两个市场和资源,在更大范围、更广领域上优化资源配置,提高开放水平。研究发现:“一带一路”倡议对中国向“一带一路”沿线国家直接投资起到显著促进作用;“一带一路”倡议制度框架,有利于沿线国家降低税负,提高税收征管效率,进而通过改善税收营商环境,显著提高中国对沿线国家的对外直接投资水平。因而,应继续推动中国与“一带一路”沿线国家税收合作,帮助沿线国家提高税收征管能力;加快中国与“一带一路”沿线国家税收协定谈判和签署步伐,修订现有已签订的税收协定中的不适宜条款;继续基于“一带一路”框架优化中国“走出去”企业对外投资税收服务,为中国企业参与对外直接投资创造良好的税收环境。     

An empirical study of the impact of corporate taxation on the global allocation of foreign direct investment: a broad tax attractiveness index approach

The question of whether a country’s corporate tax regime has a significant influence on the level of foreign direct investment (FDI) into that country is an important consideration in the design of national tax policy. This is especially relevant today in view of the recent increase in the global mobility of capital and subsequent increase in the importance of FDI to nations’ economies. Although several prior quantitative studies have investigated the link between taxation and FDI, they have tended to be restricted in geographical scope and in their measure of taxation.This study constructs indices of “corporate tax attractiveness” for selected countries and then analyses the relationship between the indices and measures of the flow of FDI into those countries. The indices are constructed by obtaining evaluations from international investors and taxation experts on the various attributes of the tax systems of those selected countries. A significant positive relationship was found to exist between the indices and measures of FDI inflows, and between individual tax system attributes and those inflows, thus adding support to the supposition that host country corporate taxation influences the size of FDI inflows.     

Exemption vs. Credit Method in International Double Taxation Treaties

This paper examines the choice of international double taxation relief methods by two small countries that mutually exchange foreign direct investment. At the first stage, each country chooses between the exemption and the credit method (as prescribed by the OECD model treaty) and at the second stage, each country sets nationally optimal non-discriminatory capital tax rates. It is shown that in the subgame perfect equilibrium both countries choose the exemption method. Mutual application of the exemption method is also shown to yield the highest welfare for each country. While the tax export effect generally induces both countries to choose inefficiently high tax rates, this effect is weakest when both countries exempt foreign earned profits from domestic taxation.     

“一带一路”沿线国家税收竞争力对中国对外直接投资的影响

"一带一路"沿线国家税收竞争力对中国对外直接投资具有重要影响。实证研究发现,"一带一路"沿线国家税收竞争力的提升显著促进了中国对外直接投资的增加。因而,中国政府应致力于加强国际税收合作与区域协调,构建"共商、共建、共享"税收新体系;为企业投资"一带一路"沿线国家(地区)提供优质的跨境涉税服务和税务风险预警指引,从宏观上引导企业对外直接投资健康发展;完善国内税收政策体系以提升国际税收竞争力,更好吸引外来投资;企业应密切关注东道国税收政策变化,有效防范风险,利用"一带一路"倡议带来的机遇,积极拓展海外市场。     

Free trade taxation and protectionist taxation

The goal of this paper is to seek new insight regarding international tax policy by recasting it in parallel with the theory of international trade. This is accomplished by defining a free trade taxation regime as one that is consistent with an efficient worldwide allocation of capital, and evaluating within this perspective various aspects of tax policy, such as value-added (axes, integration, income shifting, and the choice of worldwide or territorial system of taxes.Compatibility with free trade is not the only standard against which to judge an international tax system. Nevertheless, as national economies become more integrated the importance of international taxation for the efficient functioning of capital markets will become a central policy issue.     

Tax Competition and Foreign Capital

This paper derives welfare equivalence of double taxation rules in a tax competition model with discriminatory home taxes and the ability to finance subsidiary operations with host country capital. For a more general model, we provide sufficient conditions on the number of host sectors and factors that support double-tax-rule equivalence. Examples violating these conditions help identify economic factors under which a home country has strict preferences over double taxation rules. If the home tax rate can influence host factor prices, the home country weakly prefers deductions over credits as in the pure-home-equity financing case.     

我国外商直接投资税收敏感性分析

采用现状分析、理论论证和实证分析等经济分析方法,对税收政策对外商投资的影响作用进行分析,可得出以下结论:税收优惠对吸引外商直接投资有促进作用,但其影响作用并不显著。我国应正确对待税收优惠的作用地位,并全面考虑影响优惠政策的因素,采用更为有效的税收优惠工具,有的放矢地运用税收优惠政策。     

How Should Business Profit Be Taxed? Some Thoughts on Conceptual Developments During the Lifetime of the IFS*

This paper reviews developments since the 1970s in economic thinking about the design of taxes on business profit. It charts developments from proposals for a cash flow tax from the Meade Committee, to refinements of this in the form of an ‘Allowance for Corporate Equity’ and the levying of the cash flow tax in the country of destination. It describes how the development of international trade and investment has led to ever‐increasing problems in the international tax system with respect to economic efficiency, profit shifting, complexity and tax competition. It also identifies why a response to these problems requires a major reform in the location of taxation.     

争取修订避免双重征税协定的国际范本

避免双重征税协定的两个国际范本,特别是经合组织范本,强调居民税收管辖权,其所确定的国际税收规则不利于发展中国家,有失公平合理,亟需修改.本文认为,我国作为最大的发展中国家,有责任与广大发展中国家联合在一起,争取全面修订两个国际税收协定范本,重构国际税收规则,并提出了修订的具体建议.     

中国的经济增长、需求约束与税收结构

在我国目前的经济增长中,出现了投资需求过热而消费需求不足的结构性失衡状况。为此,可以把税收结构引入汉森-萨缪尔森模型,来研究税收结构对投资和消费的影响。通过实证研究发现,在税收结构中,流转税(间接税)比重的增加对投资增长有激励作用,而对边际消费倾向没有显著影响;所得税和其他税(代表了直接税)比重的增加,有利于抑制投资和过快的经济增长,相反,可以提高边际消费倾向,从而促进消费。