Discrimination in public recreation: Attitudes toward and participation of females

Historically, women have been discriminated against in a number of ways. In recreation, the same is true. This study, carried out among Ontario recreation administrators, reveals male‐female differences in wages, responsibility, participation and programs. A number of alternatives and suggestions for change, including both legislation and economic sanction, are given in the report, along with a number of possible directions for future research.     

Serious pilgrims and frivolous tourists the chimera of tourism in the pilgrimages of Sri Lanka

Two important and recently developed currents of pilgrimage in Sri Lanka—the appearance at certain sites of fun-loving and raucous Sinhalese youths, and at others of wealthy Tamil Hindus interested in temple architecture—would appear to be well explained by the concept of tourism. On closer inspection, however, this appearance can be shown to be illusory and to disguise the real meaning of these behaviors within indigenous Sri Lankan modalities of pilgrimage. The paper explores the meaning and utility of the terms “tourism” and “pilgrimage,” and concludes by offering a more useful definition of them than the ones our language persuades us to employ.     

Politics and tourism interface: The Case of Cyprus

The Cyprus tourism industry has had to be sensitive to the political problems between Turkish and Greek Cypriots. Federation is considered to be a partial solution to the problems. This paper evaluates the influence of politics and nationalism on the tourism planning and development under a possible federal constitution. The views of Turkish and Greek Cypriot participants from private and public organizations are studied through semistructured interviews. The findings suggest that any future planning and development is likely to be a complex undertaking, as the two societies tend to have different sets of objectives and expectations.     

Cocoa, conservation and tourism Grande Riviere, Trinidad

Following a review of tourism in the Caribbean and studies of communities affected by it, the focus of this paper is Grande Riviere, Northeast Trinidad. The history of the village from the mid-19th century is given, and its economic and social characteristics during extended fieldwork from 1971 to 1972 are described. Tourism to the village started in the 90s, prompted by the emergence of Grande Riviere as a major nesting site for Leatherback turtles, and visits were made to the village in 2004 and 2006. Changes over the 30-year period are described and assessed, the impact of tourism is discussed and analyzed and placed within the wider theoretical context.     

The perceived impact of tourism by residents a case study in Santa Marta,Colombia

Studies of the local population's perception of tourism impact are useful in setting up programs to minimize friction between tourists and residents, and in formulating plans to gain resident support of tourist ventures. This study identifies the positive and negative aspects of tourism as perceived by the Santa Marta residents, and the influence of selected variables on resident response. It is hypothesized that the perception of tourist impact varies with the distance a person lives from the tourist zone and with the resident's socio-economic status. It is found that despite the perception of some serious negative aspects, Santa Marta residents consider the overall impact of tourism to be beneficial. They want their government to offer more economic incentives and eliminate any restrictive measures in order to stimulate tourism in the area. The positive attitudes of the Santa Marta residents toward tourism may be a function of the incipient stage of tourism development in this area.     

We can have the cake and eat it too: leisure and spirituality at ‘veiled’ hotels in Turkey

This paper uses ethnographic methods to inquire how new forms of consumption arise as a result of bridging Islamic spirituality with leisure in the newly growing tesettür hotels in Turkey, which have become a magnet of popular and academic attention. We aim to offer a multi-layered analysis of the leisure and consumption practices of Muslim women in the context of the new Islamic hospitality industry by looking at the interactions between spiritual Islam and modern capitalism. We focus on the consumption process of the female customers of these hotels as part of defining and redefining their newly developing identity that is Islamic and spiritual; as well as modern and luxurious. The study responds to the call of Gökar?ksel and Secor to analyse new Islamic patterns of consumption and leisure by building on their perspectives bridging neoliberal capitalism and resurgence of Islamic identities. We call for a critical and contextual perspective to understand the dynamic emergence of new forms of Islamic lifestyles and capitalism; emphasising a future agenda of further research that is sensitive to the complexities of desires and leisure activities of veiled Muslim women in diverse countries.     

Tourists' Perception of Authenticity in Indigenous Souvenirs in Taiwan

This study contributes to a body of knowledge concerning tourists' perception of authenticity for indigenous souvenirs in Taiwan. Researchers evaluated, designed, and produced souvenir cups chosen to represent Taiwan's indigenous Paiwan culture. Markers, designs, and materials were researched and selected in order to examine tourists' perceptions of authenticity. Tourists were asked to evaluate the cups and to explain their perceived authenticity and willingness to purchase. The findings suggest that tourists perceive modern design combined with indigenous markers to be more authentic than traditional design. The apparent traditionalism of aboriginal souvenirs does not determine the degree of authenticity. Tourists' perception is specifically grounded in the visuality of the souvenir and their willingness to purchase is also associated with authenticity in design.     

Extreme cultural tourism from Antarctica to the Moon

Humanity has an affinity for adventure and discovery. History has shown that in places previously deemed out of reach, intrepid pioneers first visit, followed by an audacious few, and then finally by the segment of general tourist population that can afford it. Thus, increasingly remote heritage places have come under threat from visitation, and it is time to consider the implications for future heritage sites on the lunar surface. While ecotourism principles can be implemented on planet earth, merely visiting lunar landing sites of the Apollo program can diminish their heritage value.     

‘Classy and Never Trashy’: Young Women's Experiences of Nightclubs and the Construction of Gender and Sexuality

This article presents findings from an interpretive study that sought to understand the meanings and experiences of the mainstream nightclub culture from the perspective of young women. Specifically, how the young women's leisure experiences contested, negotiated, constructed and reconstructed feminine ideals and public displays of sexuality were examined as well as the gendered risks that they mitigate throughout this process. Seven young women, between the ages of 19 and 25, participated in the study. The findings call attention to the ways in which the young women created an alternate and desirable self through their appearance and the consumption of alcohol, how they sought male attention and the repercussions of double standards, and how they kept safe through the use of the buddy system and cautionary tales. Emphasis is placed on the highly contradictory nature of the young women's experiences as well as the significance of leisure, friendships, and gender relations.     

Review essay

Clayne R. Jensen, Outdoor Recreation in America, 4th ed. (Minneapolis: Burgess Publishing, 1985), ISBN 0–8087–1082–6, 412 pp., $24.95.     

Indonesian national parks: Understanding Leisure Users

The behavior and perceptions of users of protected areas in Indonesia are affected by cognitive interpretations of nature. While Westerners are influenced by historico-philosophical constructions of wilderness of a biocentric derivation and demonstrate behavior on a knowledge-seeking/active nexus, Indonesians and other Asians share more anthropocentric/recreational attitudes, tempered with collectivist societal values. A study in Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park illustrated these differences. Conclusions are that leisure provision in protected areas in South East Asia requires stronger contextualization, an alternative one, and better market awareness if the economic and conservation benefits of tourism are to be maximized.     

Sport,heritage, and tourism

The relationship between sport, heritage, and tourism is strong, and the breadth and depth of research that explores this relationship is significant. This collection adds to the heritage sport tourism literature by considering several new perspectives. In particular, authors have examined sport heritage as a vehicle for understanding and memorializing conflict, as a tool for both celebrating achievement and marginalizing people, as a field of dissonance that often does not conform to tourism promotion and marketing, as a topic that generates, commends, commodifies, and (sometimes) discards “living” heritage, and as a means for discovering, or imagining, genealogical roots. Ultimately, sport heritage illuminates many of the issues, challenges, and debates in heritage and heritage tourism more broadly, while also demonstrating that, through its constant making remaking, sport heritage rarely fossilizes.     

“Heritage” as alternative place and space: old-time music and roots- and routes-based tourism in Southern Appalachia

After a decades-long exodus of industry and capital from Southern Appalachia, heritage tourism attempts to generate revenue by representing cultural authenticity in an area historically occupying the place of cultural backwater in American popular imaginations. This paper analyzes the representational terrain that such a tourism project traverses to present viable narratives of cultural authenticity. I suggest that valuations of authenticity in these representations, while exhibiting ambivalences about the values of the past and present, foreground iconic and indexical relationships among music, musicians, and Appalachian history and landscape, in turn drawing on the appeal of a different orientation to space and place. This appeal of and for a cultural and affective alternate route – an alternative to a high-speed, rootless, globalized landscape of mass consumption – is both opposed to and dependent on that landscape for its value and viability.     

The impact of cleanliness on customer perceptions of security in hostels: A WOM-based approach

While research has shown that security, cleanliness and location are key attributes when customers choose hostels, the relationship between these attributes has not been properly examined. We take a word-of-mouth (WOM) approach to study the relationship between these attributes using data from a leading hostel booking website. Based on our empirical study, we find that customer perceptions of hostel security are primary determined by the cleanliness of the establishment, followed by its location.     

Application of a Balanced Satiation Model to Meal Bundle Utility

ABSTRACT

The consumer's utility for a bundle can be more than, equal to, or less than the sum of the individual item utilities (the simple additive model of subset utility). A hybrid “Balanced Attribute Satiation” model was proposed that incorporated both Balance model, Farquhar and Rao (1976), and Attribute Satiation model, McAlister (1978), terms. An empirical study involving 63 combinations of items drawn from a simple restaurant menu of 12 food items (sandwiches, side orders and desserts) was administered to 211 subjects. It was found that the hybrid Balanced Attribute Satiation model had better model fit and prediction ability than the other competing models.     

Dramatizing an event through a promotional film: Testing image effects

The present article studies the effects of storytelling through film on destination image building and visitation intention. Despite the growing awareness of the importance of storytelling in marketing and the impact events have on destination attractiveness, a theoretical gap exists into the effect of a combination of storytelling and event on spectators' image of the event and, in particular, the destination. Therefore, this study uses a quasi-experimental design in order to tests the image effects of an event, dramatized into a story. In order to test these image effects, 857 respondents answered a web survey before and after exposure to a promotion film of a dog-sledge race (the Finnmarksløpet) in northern Norway (the destination). The result indicates that using a dramatized event by a promotion film positively affects spectators' attitudes toward the destination as well as the event itself. The results suggest that the promotion film of the event enhances spectators' perceptions of dogsledding as a joyful, valuable, and stimulating activity. Additionally, the findings reveal that the promotion film has a positive effect on 5 out of 7 destination-related attributes such as culture, accommodations, and the weather. Thus, the study indicates that a dramatized event is a successful marketing communication tool and may be an important element also in the strategic planning of marketing activities. Implications and recommendations for future research are also presented.     

The Impacts of Terrorism

Abstract

After the downturn spiral in travel resulting from the Gulf War, marketing professionals had to become extremely creative in trying to attract travelers back to the recreation and tourism markets of the world. However, the events of September 11 inflicted far greater damage to the domestic travel market in the United States than did the Gulf War. The purposes of the study were to examine the perceptions and attitudes of people toward (1) the awareness and acceptance of security measures in travel and tourism, (2) the effects of the September 11 attacks on the tourism industry and industry responses, and (3) the changes of people's travel and recreation behaviors such as destination and activity choices. The individuals surveyed were asked questions concerning their perceptions regarding the effects of the September 11 attacks on the tourism industry and government/business responses, the relative importance of safety in destination/activity choice, security measures at airports, and the changes of their spending patterns, travel decisions, and leisure pursuits. The results of the study indicated that faculty members were more likely to experience the changes of their life, travel decision, and activity choices than students.     

Feminist Knowledges as Interventions in Physical Cultures

Abstract

This collection explores how feminist knowledges work as interventions in physical cultures and recognizes the considerable contribution of feminist theories and methodologies in understanding the power relations implicated in embodied movement. Our introductory piece weaves together questions about the gendered formation of physical cultures (across leisure, sport, the arts, tourism, well-being, and various embodied practices) with key issues raised by contributing authors, from disciplinary perspectives to theory-method approaches. Exploring questions of digital and physical cultures, more-than-human relations, post- and decolonial ways of knowing, and contemporary onto-epistemologies, this feminist collection aims to contribute to the movement of ideas within and across physical cultural studies. Bringing together diverse perspectives around our common focus we entangle physical cultures with a range of gendered problematizations and interventions that produce different ways of knowing, imagining and doing feminisms.     

Progress in dark tourism and thanatourism research: An uneasy relationship with heritage tourism

This paper reviews academic research into dark tourism and thanatourism over the 1996–2016 period. The aims of this paper are threefold. First, it reviews the evolution of the concepts of dark tourism and thanatourism, highlighting similarities and differences between them. Second it evaluates progress in 6 key themes and debates. These are: issues of the definition and scope of the concepts; ethical issues associated with such forms of tourism; the political and ideological dimensions of dark tourism and thanatourism; the nature of demand for places of death and suffering; the management of such places; and the methods of research used for investigating such tourism. Third, research gaps and issues that demand fuller scrutiny are identified. The paper argues that two decades of research have not convincingly demonstrated that dark tourism and thanatourism are distinct forms of tourism, and in many ways they appear to be little different from heritage tourism.     

A rhizomic approach to tourism destination evolution and transformation

This paper critiques linear models of tourism destination evolution through exploring change as anti-hierarchical, self organising and locally inspired. Based upon the Deleuzian concept of networks as rhizomic, the longitudinal qualitative case study shows 100 years of evolution and transformation. The data demonstrated that through collaboration, network connections could be made in endless and unpredictable ways that then formed complex bundlings of network-based capabilities (multiplicities). These knowledge repositories emerged through the non-linear, heterogeneous and volume-filling connections inspired by the informal activities of everyday life. The data demonstrated that network transformation is a result of collaborative connection, and confirms Deleuze's imperative that all creative possibilities exist and new novelty is limited only by the absence of positive acts.