西湖模式的意义及其对中国遗产旅游经济学的启示

文章首先分析西湖模式的制度内核及其6项意义,并与黄山模式详细比较,从而表明西湖模式基本正确处理遗产保护与旅游利用,公益性经营与营利性特许经营,政府—企业—社区、政府—企业—游客等关系,比较全面展现其经济、社会、文化和遗产保护以及政治的正面影响.其次,提炼西湖模式具有普适意义的三点启示,即制度平台选择的基础重要性,遗产服务的非营利性经营与遗产原真性和完整性保护原则,现时旅游经济学教科书用于指导中国遗产旅游的诸多缺失.这些缺失主要表现为:未能区别遗产与非遗产类旅游资源,未能接纳遗产的特殊产权性质,未能认识遗产保护的独特要求以及独特的可持续性理解,使得教科书难以正确处理门票、供需、游客权益以及旅游收益分配等问题.最后,提出创建中国遗产旅游经济学的概念性框架:①遗产旅游经济学的观念、概念和方法,应能与遗产经济学、文化经济学和旅游经济学“无缝对接”；②对遗产地的遗产类资源与非遗产类资源给予有区别的恰当的旅游经济学处理；③在遵循遗产经济学和遗产保护原则基础上,重新处理遗产旅游涉及的各项问题.     

现行旅游资源评价体系的改进与方法创新

一、旅游资源评价宜分为自然类与人文类两大评价体系 自然类旅游资源侧重于观赏游憩价值,而人文类旅游资源则侧重于历史文化艺术价值,两者放在一起评价势必影响评价结果的公正性,例如张家界的观赏游憩价值极高,但其历史文化艺术价值则逊色不少,按现行的评价赋分标准,势必会影响其总体得分.当务之急,宜尽快颁布自然类与人文类两套不同的评价指标体系.即使是自然与人文旅游资源兼备的旅游区而言,亦可遵照此体系执行,而且评价结果可更好地体现该旅游区的性质.     

城市旅游再造——一种文化可持续发展的新思维

城市旅游研究有长期的历史.文章从新的角度较为系统地综述了城市旅游这个并不新颖、但却值得深入探索的问题,在西方文献的基础上提出了一些关于城市旅游发展创新性的思想和理论构架,并指出了未来几个重要的研究方向,如城市中旅游集聚造成的拥挤问题、城市遗产类旅游资源空间格局研究(包括非物质文化遗产的空间分布对城市发展的影响)、城市旅游规划中广泛存在的“复制与粘贴”问题对城市旅游竞争力的损害以及城市舞台化旅游发展中存在的种种问题等.在此基础上,文章结合中国城市旅游发展的研究现状,提出中国城市旅游发展可以借鉴的一些国际先进经验,以及在借鉴这些经验过程中需要注意的问题.     

遗产责任:概念、特征与研究议题

为回应学术界关于旅游研究范式转型中提出的旅游研究应更关注的公平与权利、道德与责任问题,根据遗产旅游的现实发展需要,研究以国际宪章与法规关于遗产责任的表述为出发点,根据遗产与遗产旅游的本质属性特征,借鉴企业社会责任和负责任旅游的概念界定方式,提出"遗产责任"的学术概念,并根据遗产与遗产旅游的内涵对遗产责任的特征进行了讨论。在此基础上,根据遗产旅游研究的核心问题提出了遗产责任研究的"什么是遗产责任""谁的遗产责任""不同的遗产责任行动对遗产价值再现和遗产旅游可持续发展产生什么影响"3大核心研究议题。     

遗产资源保护及旅游发展中的政府作为研究

目前，加强遗产资源的保护，促进遗产旅游的持续、健康发展，是政府面临的一个重要问题。本文认为，遗产资源的有效保护及旅游发展，主要应由政府作为；在分析影响政府作为因素的基础上，提出了提高政府作为效能的主要措施，并指出政府应在制度、组织、公务员（职务）等3个方面加强作为。     

基于旅游发展价值取向转移的旅游规制创新刍议

从国家的视角探究旅游发展价值转移的历程与趋势发现,全球基本形成了双轨化的旅游价值取向:对于遗产类资源的旅游开发实行严格的政府管制,以资源保护和旅游可持续发展为根本目标;对于普通、非垄断性的旅游资源推行充分竞争的市场机制,以经济收益为根本取向.而且旅游业中政府作为的聚焦点逐渐从大众旅游目的地和一般景区的营利目标向遗产类景区的公益性服务转移.受国情影响,我国较长时间更多地关注旅游业的经济问题,选择性地忽视了西方国家更加关注的社会与生态问题,市场化的经营方式延伸到遗产类景区.黑龙江汤旺河国家公园试点计划的推出,标志着我国旅游业发展价值取向转移的开始和对世界国家公园运动的响应.值此之际,需要通过严格的政府规制来保证旅游开发与资源保护间的共促协调,以实现国家公园及相关保护区对全民共享国家遗产、维持遗产资源的永续性和培育国家精神的深远价值.     

中国各省的旅游增长方式“因地制宜”吗?——中国省际旅游增长要素贡献与旅游资源比较优势研究

文章通过扩展新古典经济增长模型而构建包含旅游资源要素的旅游业增长模型,通过选取14类世界级、国家级旅游资源,采用德尔菲法确定各类资源的价值权重,测算出全国和各省历年的旅游资源综合指标.对各省旅游增长的因素分析发现,各省旅游增长方式可分为资本驱动型、劳动驱动型、旅游资源驱动型以及多要素组合驱动型等7类.其中,旅游资源驱动型省份主要位于西部地区,资本贡献大的省份大多位于东部和中部地区.为考察各省旅游增长方式是否“因地制宜”,文章构造并测算了反映旅游资源相对禀赋的比较优势指标,将各省划分为旅游资源禀赋高、偏高、偏低、低4类.以旅游经济增长的旅游资源贡献率和旅游资源禀赋的比较优势在全国排序的差值,衡量各省旅游资源利用与其旅游资源禀赋的适宜性,将各省划分为旅游资源依赖过度型、旅游资源开发过度型和旅游资源利用合理型.在此基础上,提出各省旅游经济增长和旅游资源开发的未来方向.     

上海工业遗产旅游资源保护与再利用研究——以苏河水岸工业旅游基地为例

工业遗产是工业文化的载体,反映了工业文明的历史进程。近年来,工业遗产旅游资源的保护与再利用愈发受到人们的关注。上海是中国近代工业的摇篮和工人运动的发祥地,位于普陀区的苏州河则是上海百年工业发展脉络的缩影,沿岸保留着大量工业遗产,苏河水岸工业旅游基地更是被确定为国家工业旅游示范基地。上海市政府通过博物馆模式、文化创意园模式、综合开发模式对苏州河沿岸的工业遗产进行保护与再利用,使得苏河水岸工业旅游基地具备了一定的历史价值、社会文化价值、科学价值与区位价值。笔者通过对苏河水岸工业旅游基地旅游资源保护与再利用的现状进行分析,认为应深入挖掘遗产的文化内涵,宣传遗产的保护价值,做好遗产旅游的开发规划,使得该基地的工业遗产充分发挥应有的作用。     

复合型文化遗产旅游产品开发路径分析——以福建马尾船政文化为例

文化遗产作为文化旅游发展的重要载体,在国内外引起了业界和学界的广泛关注,而复合型文化遗产是一种具备多元价值和内涵的遗产类型,其旅游产品开发应根据复合型文化遗产资源禀赋及其特征而定.文章以福建马尾船政文化遗产为例,运用文化景观理论和文化再生产理论,并结合问卷调查、因子分析和参与观察等方法,从定性和定量两个方面分析作为复合型文化遗产的船政文化旅游产品开发的路径选择,以此丰富文化遗产旅游研究案例,具有一定的理论建构价值和实践意义.     

基于德尔菲法的中国漂流旅游发展影响因素研究

漂流旅游作为一项新型的专项旅游已经越来越受到国内外学者的广泛关注。文章根据国内外漂流旅游文献＂词频＂进行总结,从中提炼出影响漂流旅游发展的主要类别,在此基础上进行问卷设计,采用德尔菲法,选取了42位专家进行意见征询,并进行了两轮问卷测试。研究发现,中国漂流旅游发展的影响因素根据其重要程度依次为：（1）漂流安全设施设备的可靠性;（2）流量、落差以及沿途景观等漂流旅游资源自身的状况;（3）消费者的满意度与回头率;（4）当地的交通状况与政府支持等。该研究对中国漂流旅游等专项旅游的良性发展有重要的理论与实践意义。     

The effect of historical nostalgia on tourists’ destination loyalty intention: an empirical study of the world cultural heritage site – Mahabalipuram,India

Many studies on destination loyalty intention of the heritage tourists have failed to examine the influence of historical nostalgia. This paper examines the effect of historical nostalgia generated during the trip to a cultural heritage site on destination loyalty intention of the heritage tourists through perceived value and satisfaction. A survey was conducted at one of the world cultural heritage sites – Mahabalipuram, India. A conceptual model was developed and the hypotheses were tested using structural equation modelling technique. The results revealed that the historical nostalgia had a significant positive effect on the perceived value, satisfaction and tourists’ destination loyalty intention. The paper contributes to the tourism studies by revealing the antecedent role of historical nostalgia and suggests tourism managers to use historical monuments and structures to evoke historical nostalgia in order to attract heritage tourists.     

Community engagement and heritage tourism at Geneva Estate,Dominica

Community and heritage tourism can be developed alongside the promotion of Dominica as the ‘Nature Island of the Caribbean’, in which the island's natural resources are commodified as an ecotourism destination. The development of Dominica's tourism product to include heritage tourism through the presentation of plantation sites allows tourists to experience the island's culture and history. A direction for the advance of community and heritage tourism is demonstrated with a case study of the Geneva Heritage Project, begun in 2011 at Geneva Estate near the village of Grand Bay. Through a partnership between professional researchers and a community group, the Grand Bay Tourism and Environmental Committee (GTEC), the Geneva Heritage Project demonstrates an avenue for community groups to define and to interpret the community's history. Members of GTEC collaborated with professional archaeologists and students to conduct archaeological and historical research, which included the collection of data used to create interpretive signs and to compile documentary sources to be made available to community members and tourists. Such collaborative efforts promote the value of resource preservation in a nation lacking legislation to protect its cultural and archaeological resources.     

线性文化遗产的特征及其对旅游利用模式的影响——基于《世界遗产名录》的统计分析

线性文化遗产是一种特殊的遗产类型,随着人们对遗产完整性不断深入的理解以及遗产活化利用理念的发展,线性文化遗产旅游的重要性日益显现。因此,树立线性文化遗产意识,把握线性文化遗产特征,是推进线性文化遗产旅游利用和可持续发展的重要问题。本文以《世界遗产名录》中收录的线性文化遗产为基础数据,对线性文化遗产的类别与列入标准、资源组合模式和核心区与缓冲区等典型特征进行深入分析,并从旅游空间演化和旅游活化路径两方面总结其对旅游利用模式的影响,以期为线性文化遗产旅游的可持续发展提供科学参考。研究结果表明,线性文化遗产旅游空间结构发展过程遵循“增长极”演化规律,并在遗产文化分层上表现出不同的利用方式和活化路径。     

Stolen history: Community concern towards looting of cultural heritage and its tourism implications

It has become increasingly commonplace to exhibit antiques and historical artefacts in cultural museums, prompted by the flourishing global art market. However, behind the phenomenon of blockbuster exhibitions in leading tourism cities throughout the world, lies the problem of looted cultural heritage. This study proposes a research framework combining conceptual and empirical approaches. The authors explore the previously neglected concerns of local communities towards the smuggling of cultural heritage property with particular reference to Yemen. Structural model development and assessment were performed using a dual analysis process that involved covariance-based structural equation modelling (CB-SEM) and partial least squares (PLS-SEM). The researchers propose six constructs that contribute significantly to sustainable tourism: direct protection management, trust in government, community participation and support for sustainable tourism. The study proposes critical insights about mitigating this global dilemma for implementation by international authorities, governments, nongovernmental organisations and scholars.     

Development of intangible cultural heritage as a sustainable tourism resource: the intangible cultural heritage practitioners’ perspectives

ABSTRACT

Authentic intangible cultural heritage (ICH) provides a community with a unique selling point in the globally competitive tourism industry. The process of commodification of ICH, however, has threatened its authenticity and thus sustainable tourism approaches are required to achieve successful transmission and promotion of ICH as a sustainable tourism resource. This paper explores the priorities of ICH practitioners in relation to the development of ICH as a sustainable tourism resource, by utilising South Korea as a case study. The results revealed that from the ICH practitioners’ perspectives, authenticity is a holistic notion integrating the transmitted customs, inherited meanings and the practitioners’ identities. ICH practitioners agree with the potential positive symbiotic relationship between transmission of authentic ICH and promotion of ICH as a tourism resource. To achieve the positive symbiotic relationship, locals’ awareness of ICH, ICH practitioner empowerment and parallel development between tourism development and transmission of ICH are necessary. To date, the practitioner approach to the authenticity of ICH and ICH as a sustainable tourism resource is little explored in the literature, thus this paper makes a valuable addition to the area of sustainable heritage tourism.     

Tourism,heritage and cultural performance: Developing a modality of heritage tourism

Research has shown that heritage is a contested concept which not only creates unnecessary binaries but also perpetuates essentialized First World imagery of Asian countries. To assist in its reframing, this paper proposes critical ethnography. It is argued that through it, a more nuanced and community-based understanding of cultural heritage can be developed, thus allowing the articulation of modalities of cultural heritage and the formation of alternative imaginaries. To develop this point, the essay problematizes the heritage concept, examines how governing policies and tourism frameworks define cultural heritage vis-àvis its use in the tourism industry, and discusses the theoretical sources and intellectual legacy of critical ethnography. Cases from Batanes and Marinduque provinces, the Philippines, are reviewed to serve as background. With critical ethnography as a strategic method, the essay suggests that the semiotics of heritage tourism can be broadened and possibilities for social change in Asian tourism and hospitality established.     

Heritage Tourism in Rural Areas: Challenges for Improving Socio-economic Impacts

Many developing countries seek to utilize cultural heritage sites as resources for socio-economic development through heritage tourism. When rural area is the context of heritage tourism, effort is needed to establish linkages between tourism and the local economy by addressing the following issues: lack of skilled human resources, capital, access to credits, and other assistance; leakages; and dominance of urban players. This paper examines the impacts of heritage tourism on rural livelihoods using Borobudur in Central Java, Indonesia, as the case study. Further, it proposes rural industry promotion as one of the ways to establishing better linkages to tourism.     

Consuming heritage: Perceived historical authenticity

This paper examines tourists' perceptions of the historical authenticity of The Rocks, Australia, a heritage precinct fashioned by the Sydney Cove Redevelopment Authority. It argues that overall tourists perceive this representation of history as authentic. Gender, income, education level, position in lifecycle, place of residence, and previous visitations to The Rocks were also explored to identify how these variables might shape tourism experiences and subsequent negotiations of authenticity. The overall uncritical “consumption” of the commodified version of history as heritage is regarded as a matter for concern. The commodified environment based upon the rhetoric of Australian nationalism has silenced alternative versions of the past which highlight oppression, racism, and conflict.