社交媒体时代旅游者行为研究进展——基于境外文献的梳理

互联网技术的快速发展正重新塑造着旅游者的行为模式.伴随着现代旅游者越来越倾向于使用社交媒体来支持旅游活动的各个环节,关注旅游者在社交媒体中的行为表现及其影响机制成为境外学者们关注的话题.通过对境外研究文献的系统化梳理和归纳,发现境外关于社交媒体时代旅游者行为研究处于快速发展阶段,研究内容主要聚焦于旅游者使用社交媒体的行为研究,社交媒体对旅游者信息搜寻行为、决策行为、信息分享行为的影响,用户生成内容作为数据源在旅游者行为研究中的应用.未来基于社交媒体的旅游者生成内容激励机制研究、旅游虚拟网络社会研究、目的地信息服务效率、数据获取与处理分析方面还有着广泛的研究空间.     

社交媒体平台旅游者生成内容的影响因素研究

在Web 2.0时代,社交媒体平台旅游者生成内容日益成为公众关注的重点,其对旅游者行程规划及企业的发展意义重大。但是,旅游者生成内容在现实发展过程中出现了优质旅游者生成内容不足及旅游者生成内容质量急速下降等问题。文章采用扎根理论质性研究方法,以热爱社交媒体的青年群体为研究对象,探索社交媒体平台旅游者生成内容的影响因素及作用路径。在此基础上,构建“环境”“平台”“个体动机”的理论模型,并从这三方面提出激发旅游者生成内容动机及行为的建议。     

后现代视角下的旅游者社交网络行为研究

正随着旅游者对Web 2.0社交媒体使用的日益增多,旅游虚拟社区相继涌现(如TravBuddy.com,Trippy.com,doyouhike.net),旅游者社交网络行为研究是一个重要课题。社交媒体在人们生活中的普遍应用,集中体现了当下后现代社会的一系列特征:个人主义、透视主义、多元性、去中心化、批判思维等。这些后现代特征如何影响旅游者的社交媒体行为以及旅游者与他人的关系呢?本文拟从后     

国内旅游者网络旅游信息搜寻动机与搜寻内容研究

文章通过网络调查和现场调查,采用描述性统计因子分析和相关分析,研究了国内旅游者的网络旅游信息搜寻动机和搜寻内容以及两者之间的相关关系,发现:①旅游者的网络旅游信息搜寻动机可以分为规划型、交易型、体验型、娱乐型和消遣型5类.②旅游者最为关注的是核心旅游信息,其次是辅助性旅游信息和网络口碑信息.③规划型动机与核心旅游信息正相关；交易型动机与核心旅游信息、辅助性旅游信息和网络口碑信息均正相关,其中,与辅助性旅游信息相关性最强；体验型和消遣型动机均与核心旅游信息负相关,而与辅助性旅游信息正相关.最后,对旅游网站建设和营销提出了一些建议.     

基于GPS数据的旅游者活动节奏研究

旅游者的移动很早就引起了研究者的关注，但是基于二手统计数据的宏观和中观尺度的旅游流研究较多。而关注旅游者微观个体时空行为的研究相对较少。文章以生物节律和时间地理学为基础理论和研究方法，以2010年12月在北京颐和园完成的GPS调查数据和日志调查数据为基础，研究旅游者在景区空间尺度内的活动过程、节奏和规律。GPS追踪数据真实准确地记录了旅游者活动过程，为研究者更好地理解和分析旅游者活动节奏和规律提供了数据基础。基于GPS数据的旅游者活动节律研究结果能够为旅游者行为质量评价、旅游者行为修正与优化和旅游景区动态管理等提供理论指导。     

虚拟集群式旅游供应链模型构建研究

文章基于旅游供应链理论研究动态与现代信息技术发展态势,提出以信息拉动式为特征的在线旅游供应链(e-tourism supply chain)的理念。从集群式供应链视角,分析了虚拟集群式旅游供应链建立的动因,构建了虚拟集群式旅游供应链理论模型。文章通过创新旅游供应链研究视角,借鉴产业集群与供应链管理耦合研究理论,试图在赛博空间(Cyberspace)里,构建起虚拟集群式旅游供应链的理论框架,可分成4个部分:(1)旅游者信息链,是围绕着每个旅游者需求信息的一条"信息拉动式供应链",在此基础上形成旅游企业旅游服务大规模定制链;(2)旅游服务定制链,旅游企业在以"旅游者"为中心的信息链上提供即时响应、即时采购、即时生产、即时销售的敏捷制造服务,同业性旅游企业合作服务于旅游者;(3)信息共享平台,包括旅游者需求汇集、统计、分流平台,旅游企业沟通平台和旅游评价平台;(4)专业化辅助企业,具有弹性专精的优势,缓解大规模标准通用化服务提供和市场的定制化随机要求(stochastic demand)之间的矛盾,满足了旅游者对定制化旅游服务需求。     

旅游社会学研究初探

由于理论体系和方法论尚未成熟，旅游社会学仍处于初期发展阶段。本文在前人研究基础上，对旅游社会学的研究对象、研究方法进行了尝试性探讨，认为旅游社会学的研究对象范围应是旅游者的社会行为和社会关系以及由此引起的相关问题的集合，包括旅游者个体和群体两方面。旅游者个体研究包括旅游者行为及引起该行为的动机、心理、价值取向、审美观念等深层因素，属微观旅游社会学范畴；旅游者群体研究包括社会关系、跨文化交际、社会影响、旅游人流等宏观旅游社会学的层面。此外，本文还对旅游社会学的研究方法进行了初步探讨。     

旅游动机、目的地形象与旅游者期望

文章构建了旅游动机、目的地形象和旅游者期望关系的概念模型,以大陆居民赴香港旅游者为研究对象,采用结构方程模型(SEM)验证旅游动机、目的地形象与旅游者期望之间的关系。研究结果表明:(1)目的地的认知形象显著影响情感形象;(2)旅游动机直接正向影响目的地的认知形象和旅游者期望,并通过目的地的认知形象对旅游者期望产生间接影响;(3)目的地的认知形象直接正向影响目的地的情感形象和旅游者期望,并通过目的地的情感形象对旅游者期望产生间接影响。     

游客的旅游体验分享行为对其自身主观幸福感的影响——基于社会联结的中介作用

随着移动互联网时代信息技术的迅速发展,旅游者能够随时随地迅速分享旅游体验信息,通过这种分享行为与他人进行互动,从而对社会关系发生积极影响,进而产生社会联结,能够有效提升自身的主观幸福感。本文以旅游体验分享行为为研究导入点,根据社会互动理论,引入社会联结、游客主观幸福感,构建结构方程模型。研究发现,游客的旅游体验分享行为对其自身的主观幸福感有正向影响;社会联结对游客的主观幸福感有正向影响;社会联结在旅游体验分享行为对其自身的主观幸福感的影响中起到部分中介作用。     

基于社交媒体关系互动的旅游城市形象负面偏差引导策略 ——以"青岛天价虾"事件为例

负面偏差是受众面对多元化网络信息时所产生的心理错觉,往往倾向高估负向信息,低估正向信息,在旅游市场,这种现象会降低旅游城市形象的正面传播效果.文章以2015年的"青岛天价虾"事件为研究案例,通过社交媒体影响力的结构性测量和粉丝行为测量,综合比较社交媒体位置角色和网络舆论引导能力,从而为旅游城市提供削弱负面偏差的策略方向.研究表明,社交媒体关系互动中的位置角色与其网络舆论引导能力结果存在差异:首先是官方与民间的差异.在社交媒体关系互动中,本地官方机构处于中心,自媒体位于边缘;但引导舆论影响力方面,本地自媒体排第一,本地官方机构排第三.其次是本地与异地的差异.在社交媒体关系互动中,本地媒体接近中心位置;但引导舆论影响力方面,异地媒体排序靠前.可以看出,民间和本地社交媒体引导舆论影响力相对更强,通过关系互动中的因果归因,社交媒体对负面偏差引导发挥了积极作用.因此,旅游城市需要注意对社交媒体组合运用,在自身社交媒体平台上提升信源可靠性;同时善于借助中介(桥)的舆论引导能力,注重负面信息中问题的解决,最终形成传播合力,削弱负面偏差现象.     

The influence of travel photo editing on tourists’ experiences

Photo editing has become a prevalent practice when people share their travel photos on social media. This study examines this understudied phenomenon by exploring travelers' photo-editing behavior and its impact on tourists' destination experiences. Three pilot interviews and 23 in-depth interviews were conducted using photo-elicitation. The results show that photo editing does not necessarily alter the objective part of the trip memories, but rather reminds tourists of more positive than negative memories. Compliments from the social media audience on the edited photos improve tourists' overall recall of their destination experiences and further enhance their reflection on these experiences. The findings also enrich the understanding of the hermeneutic circle of representation in tourists’ photo editing behavior.     

旅游企业社会责任对目的地形象及游客忠诚的影响研究

在旅游市场竞争日趋激烈的背景下,由旅游企业经营所引发的社会责任问题受到广泛关注,但学界关于旅游企业社会责任的影响研究还不够系统和深入.文章将旅游企业社会责任划分为6个方面,将目的地形象划分为认知形象和情感形象两个方面,并构建了旅游企业社会责任对目的地形象及游客忠诚的影响模型.实证研究表明,旅游企业社会责任在目的地形象及游客忠诚形成中发挥非常重要的作用,其中,经济责任、环境责任、游客责任、员工责任和法律责任对认知形象有正向影响,游客责任、员工责任和慈善责任对情感形象有正向影响；认知形象和情感形象不仅对游客忠诚产生直接影响,而且通过游客满意对游客忠诚产生间接作用.相比认知形象,情感形象对游客满意和忠诚的影响作用更大.     

Investigating International Tourists’ Intention to Revisit Myanmar Based on Need Gratification,Flow Experience and Perceived Risk

Satisfaction plays an important role in creating loyalty to a tourism destination. However, ensuring consistent satisfactory trip experiences for tourists and increasing their revisit intention remain challenging for many international tourism destinations, including Myanmar. We conducted a survey with 465 international tourists visiting Myanmar. Results indicate that need gratification and flow can increase tourist satisfaction. The perceived risks of tourism destination can decrease tourist satisfaction. Satisfaction is an important factor to mediate the influence of need gratification, flow, and perceived risks. A tourist’s intention to revisit Myanmar can be largely improved by attending to these independent and mediating factors.     

Special interest tourism is not so special after all: Big data evidence from the 2017 Great American Solar Eclipse

This study puts to empirical test a major typology in the tourism literature, mass versus special interest tourism (SIT), as the once-distinctive boundary between the two has become blurry in modern tourism scholarship. We utilize 41,747 geo-located Instagram photos pertaining to the 2017 Great American Solar Eclipse and Big Data analytics to distinguish tourists based on their choice of observational destinations and spatial movement patterns. Two types of tourists are identified: opportunists and hardcore. The motivational profile of those tourists is validated with the external data through hypothesis testing and compared with and contrasted against existing motivation-based tourist typologies. The main conclusion is that large share of tourists involved in what is traditionally understood as SIT activities exhibit behavior and profile characteristic of mass tourists seeking novelty but conscious about risks and comforts. Practical implications regarding the potential of rural and urban destinations for developing SIT tourism are also discussed.     

The influence of recreation experience and environmental attitude on the environmentally responsible behavior of community-based tourists in Taiwan

This study examines the relationships between recreation experience, environmental attitude, and the general and site-specific environmentally responsible behavior of tourists at Taomi and Smangus in Taiwan. The first is an agriculturally based community and the second home to one of Taiwan's ethnic minorities. A total of 862 usable questionnaires (432 for Taomi and 430 for Smangus) were collected in this study. The empirical results indicate that recreation experience is positively and significantly related to environmental attitudes among tourists. Environmental attitudes are also positively and significantly related to general and site-specific tourist behaviors and mediate the relationship between recreation experience and environmentally responsible behavior. The paper contributes to the literature by examining the structural linear relationships between recreation experience, environmental attitudes, and environmentally responsible behavior. This study suggests that tourism destination providers should provide pro-environmental activities, ecotourism experiences, and interpretations of environmental issues to enhance tourists' environmental attitude and general and site-specific environmentally responsible behavior, thereby potentially reducing the adverse environmental effect produced by tourists during daily life and at tourism destinations. Reducing the adverse environmental effect of tourism destinations will benefit the development of sustainable community-based tourism.     

The influence of recreation experiences on environmentally responsible behavior: the case of Liuqiu Island,Taiwan

Scientific understanding of the relationships between recreation experience and environmentally responsible behavior (ERB) of nature-based tourists is limited. To address this research gap, this study examines the relationship between recreation experiences (i.e. education, experiential engagement, esthetics, and escapism) and the general and site-specific ERB of tourists on Liuqiu Island in Taiwan. In total, 443 usable questionnaires were collected. The empirical results indicate that general ERB is positively and significantly affected by experiential engagement and the escapism of recreation experiences. The site-specific ERB of tourists is positively and significantly affected by the education, esthetics, and escapism of the recreation experience. We conclude that when people participate in the types of nature-based tourism described here, their recreation experiences can strengthen their sense of engagement in general and site-specific ERB, and contribute constructively to positive aspects of sustainable tourism. The management implications presented in this paper provide valuable insights for sustainable tourism. We suggest that recreation managers at nature-based tourism destinations collaborate to plan and implement recreational activities that are integrated with environmental education initiatives. This approach will encourage tourists to simultaneously engage in high-quality recreation experiences and ERB.     

A broader social identity comes with stronger face consciousness: The effect of identity breadth on deviant tourist behavior among Chinese outbound tourists

Deviant tourist behavior (DTB) among Chinese outbound tourists has sparked concerns that such behavior not only exposes destinations to various negative impacts but also damages the international image of China. Hence, it is necessary to explore how to reduce such behavior. Social identity cues are an effective inhibitor of DTB; however, previous research has focused on the influence of the interdependent and interactive nature of social identities on DTB, neglecting the inclusive nature of social identities. To fill this gap, the current study focuses on how Chinese outbound tourists’ identity breadth affects their deviant behavior in international tourism contexts. In Study 1, we examine a distinctive feature of international tourism contexts and find that tourists have high face consciousness. Second, we propose and document that Chinese outbound tourists primed with a broad (vs. narrow) identity develop higher face consciousness and a lower intention to engage in deviant behavior (Studies 1 and 2), with face consciousness mediating this process (Study 3). Finally, Study 4 finds that the number of fellow tourists with the same identity moderates this effect. The influence of identity breadth on DTB is manifest when there are few in-group members present. Our findings provide meaningful practical and theoretical value regarding how to reduce tourists’ deviant behavior through identity-related cues.     

Tourist behavior analysis in gaming destinations based on venue check-in data

This research introduces the use of venue check-ins, which are available on mobile social media platforms, as an additional data source to study tourist behaviors in gaming destinations. The practical value of venue check-ins is demonstrated through a case study of Macau, a popular gaming and cultural destination. The analyses provide an overview of the travel patterns of tourists to gambling and non-gambling venues and highlight the differences between gambling and non-gambling tourists. The introduced approach is beneficial to tourism managers in understanding tourist behaviors and interests and, thus, improves the management and development of gaming destinations.     

The roles of perceived internal and external benefits and costs in innovation co-creation: lessons from Japan

The purpose of this study is to examine the factors that motivate tourists to engage in collaborative efforts with tourist destinations for the co-creation of innovative tourism products. Targeting tourists who have visited Tokyo for tourism purpose, the study verifies the antecedents of tourists’ intention to co-create, which include perceived benefits (PB), perceived costs (PC), subjective norms, and ability to co-create tourism innovation. This study further reveals that PC do not have a significant impact on tourists’ intention to participate in innovation co-creation activities, while the other antecedents play important roles. Also, separating PB and costs into internal and external factors, perceived internal benefits (PIB) play a significant role in motivating tourists to participate in co-creation, while perceived external benefits do not. Practical implications are provided for destinations such as Japan to encourage tourists to share their valuable knowledge to improve tourism products and services of tourist destinations.     

社会资本对旅游者环境友好行为意愿的影响

基于旅游者环境友好行为的"利他主义"和"集体行动"属性,文章探讨了关系社会资本、集体社会资本、广义社会资本与旅游者环境友好行为意愿之间的理论关系,并以杭州西溪湿地为例,依据371位游客的抽样调查数据,实证检验了三个层面社会资本的核心要素(情感连带、群体规范、人际信任)对旅游者两层次环境友好行为意愿的影响。研究结果显示:(1)情感连带、群体规范对旅游者环境维护行为意愿、环境促进行为意愿均具有显著的正向影响;(2)人际信任对环境维护行为意愿具有显著的正向影响,对环境促进行为意愿的影响则不显著;(3)不同层面社会资本对环境友好行为意愿的影响强度具有差异性,集体社会资本下的群体规范对环境维护行为意愿的影响最强,而关系社会资本下的情感连带对环境促进行为意愿的影响最强。