Evaluating investment projects in the presence of sectoral linkages1

In this paper we develop a framework to assess the economic impact of foreign investment projects. If investment projects interact with other industries in the host economy, either by buying inputs locally or by selling their own product to local downstream firms, they can create sectoral linkages. The expansion of upstream and downstream industries can feed back to the project's own industry leading to a further expansion of the local industry. We study the circumstances under which investment projects lead to the creation of sectoral linkages and characterize the factors that determine the project's welfare impact. We link analytical findings to case studies undertaken for the EBRD.     

货币政策的粘性均衡汇率效应模型及人民币汇率定价的弹性分析

本文以开放的宏观经济为框架、以厂商利润最大化为微观经济基础、以严格的数学推导为逻辑纽带、以粘性价格为理论依据、以购买力平价的微分冲击形式为理论基础，提出并构建了两国货币政策的粘性均衡汇率效应模型。应用模型，本文对1992～2002年的人民币粘性均衡汇率进行了定价，并对2003年的定价进行了预测。以定价汇率及其预测为标准，对1992～2003年的人民币汇率偏离与经常性项目的关系，进行了弹性分析。根据模型与实证分析，获得了一些重要结论。     

A corporate balance-sheet approach to currency crises

This paper presents a general equilibrium currency crisis model of the ‘third generation’, in which the possibility of currency crises is driven by the interplay between private firms’ credit-constraints and nominal price rigidities. Despite our emphasis on microfoundations, the model remains sufficiently simple that the policy analysis can be conducted graphically. The analysis hinges on four main features (i) ex post deviations from purchasing power parity; (ii) credit constraints a la Bernanke-Gertler; (iii) foreign currency borrowing by domestic firms; (iv) a competitive banking sector lending to firms and holding reserves and a monetary policy conducted either through open market operations or short-term lending facilities. We derive sufficient conditions for the existence of a sunspot equilibrium with currency crises. We show that an interest rate increase intended to support the currency in a crisis may not be effective, but that a relaxation of short-term lending facilities can make this policy effective by attenuating the rise in interest rates relevant to firms.     

Tariffs, licensing and market structure

This paper challenges the conventional wisdom that exclusive owners of an advanced technology are always better off when producing as a monopolist than when competing against another firm. Competition against a less-efficient firm weakens the power that a host country can exert on the incumbent in the form of its tariff policy. We show that this gives a motive for a monopolist to license its technology to another foreign firm. A host country gains more from increased competition if it can induce the foreign incumbent to transfer technology to the host country firm. We show that the host country can do so by tariff commitment. We also discuss the implications of bargaining under licensing and Bertrand competition in the product market. Hence, this paper qualifies and extends the recent work of Kabiraj and Marjit [Protecting consumers through protection: The role of tariff-induced technology transfer. European Economic Review 47, 113-124].     

Competition in taxes and performance requirements for foreign direct investment

Tax incentives offered to attract firms engaged in foreign direct investment are often tied to performance requirements such as domestic content restrictions or adherence to environmental standards. The tax competition literature has repeatedly shown that competition between municipalities for mobile firms tends to drive taxes to low levels. One would expect a comparable result for burdensome performance requirements. Despite this, the evidence suggests that while taxes have indeed been driven down, performance requirements are as popular as ever. We explain this seeming conundrum by showing that in the presence of spillovers, binding performance requirements can act as a coordination device for firms. In equilibrium, municipalities choose performance requirements, which maximize joint surplus from investment. Competition between municipalities then transfers this surplus to firms via tax subsidies.     

新古典生产函数的质疑与货币量值的生产函数

新古典理论以生产函数和效用函数为基础,建立了技术关系的稀缺资源有效配置理论,其核心是表明商品和要素稀缺性的相对价格.生产函数在微观尚可应用,但并不能用于解释总量经济和经济增长与波动问题.尤其是总供给完全取决于实物生产函数的投入产出关系,这与总需求分析所采用的货币支出是不协调的.货币量值的生产函数的推导表明,总供给只是企业的货币成本函数而不联系到技术上的投入产出关系,而所有的国民收入核算中的货币量值都只是表明人们经济关系的名义变量而与实物的技术关系或生产函数是完全无关的.     

上市公司主业鲜明率的修正方法

指出了常用的主业鲜明率在实际使用中遇到的问题,主要问题是计算值会出现无意义的结果,并且对真实主营业务比率的反映会有不真实的情况,提出了修正的方法,即通过修正企业经营总体规模的方法进行修正,最后通过实际计算证明修正结果消除了无意义的结果,也更加真实地反映了主营业务的比率.     

汇率对产业内贸易的传导和冲击效应——基于中国东盟自由贸易区的分析

本文以中国与东盟六国18类产品的产业内贸易的月度面板数据作为分析基础，通过分析汇率与产业内贸易的传导关系、中国与东盟六国产业内贸易特点，并且建立产业内贸易指数与汇率的VAk模型．对我国的汇率对产业内贸易的冲击作用和动态关系做实证分析。研究发现：一是无论是短期或长期．汇率升值对绝大多数初级产品的产业内贸易是不利的，但在短期内它有助于提升大多数工业制品的产业内贸易水平．长期内对工业制品的产业内贸易冲击效应是分化的。二是汇率升值后长期内对不同劳动密集型产品的产业内贸易发展是一样的。三是无论是短期还是长期，初级产品的产业内贸易对汇率冲击的反应相当微弱．工业制品反应相对较强。     

温和通货膨胀下的货币政策选择

2003年以来,我国摆脱了通货紧缩的阴影,进入了一个温和的通货膨胀时期.这一轮温和的通货膨胀主要源于货币信贷的过快增长,而基础货币投放过多主要源于外汇占款的快速增长.实证研究表明,我国通货膨胀率与M0、M1、M2以及贷款增长率之间都存在正相关关系.缓解和释放通货膨胀压力既需要运用数量型货币政策工具,更需要运用价格型货币政策工具.为了缓解通货膨胀压力,中国人民银行应该实行"双升"的货币政策,在调升人民币利率水平的同时调整人民币汇率,既升息又升值,但升息和升值的幅度不宜过大.