A change in market microstructure: the switch to electronic screen trading on the New Zealand stock exchange

The New Zealand Stock Exchange (NZSE) switched from open outcry trading to an electronic screen trading system on June 24, 1991. The change was made by the members of the exchange to improve the trading system and to reduce costs. This paper investigates empirically whether improvement was achieved through a reduction in transaction costs. The tests and results focus on order-flow migration to the exchange from alternative execution locations and changes in bid-ask spreads. On balance, we conclude that transaction costs have declined.     

银行监督、企业社会性成本与贷款融资体系

本文从政府机构控股国有企业所造成的企业行为扭曲的角度来研究银行贷款策略组合的微观机制,即银行对国有企业和私营企业进行事前筛选的程度及贷款利率设定,并建立了关于银行贷款融资体系的微观模型和理论框架。首先,将企业社会性成本和银行监督功能(事前筛选)引入债务合同模型,说明国有企业在面临破产做清算决策时会考虑到社会破产成本,从而推导出国有企业的还款机制有别于私营企业,信息不对称条件下银行事前对贷款筛选的激励也会有所不同,并提供了一般性推导和数值解拟合分析;同时,事前筛选存在一定的反转效应,因此需要就监督效率的社会剩余价值进行权衡。     

Incentive Contracts,Market Risk,and Cost of Capital

Should incentive contracts expose the agent to market‐wide shocks? Counterintuitively, I show that market risk cannot be filtered out from the compensation and managed independently by the agent. Under plausible risk preferences, the principal should offer a contract in which performance pay increases following a favorable market shock. In the aggregate, however, the effect of market risk on individual contracts diversifies away and the agency problem does not directly affect the cost of capital. The analysis suggests caution in interpreting changes in cost of capital in terms of the stewardship role of accounting information.     

Are analysts' cash flow forecasts useful?

This study provides evidence that the cost of equity capital decreases with the number of analysts who issue both cash flow and earnings forecasts (cash analysts). The evidence also shows that cash analysts reduce information asymmetry and predict long‐term earnings more accurately than analysts who issue only earnings forecasts. Taken together, these findings suggest that cash analysts provide market participants with high‐quality information and, as a result, firms benefit from cash analyst coverage in the form of a reduced cost of equity capital.     

网络经济下国际分工的演化及其经济机理研究

自20世纪中期以来,随着电子信息技术与电子商务的发展,互联网正成为国际贸易新的平台。随着网络经济的兴起,企业凭借网络平台跨越了时空对实际交易的束缚,交易范围扩大,交易成本减少,促使了国际分工继续深化,中间品贸易大量出现。本文将应用交易成本理论,对网络经济及电子商务背景下企业由垂直一体化向垂直分离化分工演进及其这种演进对国际贸易的影响进行分析。     

Cost structure and productivity growth of the Taiwanese international tourist hotels

This study investigates the cost structure and economic implications of the Taiwanese international tourist hotel industry. A multi-product translog cost function with three inputs and three outputs is estimated using seemingly unrelated regression estimation and three-stage least squares. A balanced panel dataset consisting of 47 international tourist hotels in Taiwan over the period 1997–2001 was obtained from Taiwanese Tourism Bureau and used to estimate the cost function. The results show that both scale and scope economies exist in the Taiwanese international tourist hotel industry. In addition, productivity growth is positive over the study period. Managerial and policy implications for the Taiwanese international tourist hotel industry are also discussed.     

面对反倾销调查:企业会计准备好了吗?——以美国为例的分析报告

反倾销调查赋予了企业会计新的内容和方法,本文在分析反倾销问卷调查有关会计内容的基础上,提出了企业会计在特殊时期应承担的具体任务:会计资料的重新归类、生产成本的合理计算、正常价格的适当选择、会计方法有目的进行调整等,按照会计信息决策有用的目标为反倾销调查取证提供依据。     

Internal Versus External R&D: A Study of R&D Choice with Sample Selection

This paper extends previous analyses of the choice between internal and external R&D to consider the costs of internal R&D. The Heckman two-stage estimator is used to estimate the determinants of internal R&D unit cost (i.e. cost per product innovation) allowing for sample selection effects. Theory indicates that R&D unit cost will be influenced by scale issues and by the technological opportunities faced by the firm. Transaction costs encountered in research activities are allowed for and, in addition, consideration is given to issues of market structure which influence the choice of R&D mode without affecting the unit cost of internal or external R&D. The model is tested on data from a sample of over 500 UK manufacturing plants which have engaged in product innovation. The key determinants of R&D mode are the scale of plant and R&D input, and market structure conditions. In terms of the R&D cost equation, scale factors are again important and have a non-linear relationship with R&D unit cost. Specificities in physical and human capital also affect unit cost, but have no clear impact on the choice of R&D mode. There is no evidence of technological opportunity affecting either R&D cost or the internal/external decision.     

标准成本管理在餐饮企业管理中的应用

目前我国餐饮业的发展正处在激烈的竞争之中,越来越低的利润使企业不得不将成本控制作为战略的重点之一。由于中餐的生产带有较强的主观性和随意性,这就使得标准成本的控制问题显得更为突出。针对餐饮企业的特点进行标准成本管理,分析其实际成本和标准成本的差异化,找出成本差异的原因,从而可使餐饮企业达到降低成本、提高利润水平和竞争力的目的。     

异质性贸易成本与企业出口产品质量:机理与事实

文章基于Antoniades（2015）模型,将企业创新行为纳入企业产品质量模型,分析贸易成本变化对企业出口产品质量影响的微观机理,发现贸易成本上升对企业出口产品质量同时存在生产率门槛效应和创新抑制效应,生产率门槛效应会放大在位企业的生产率优势,促进企业出口产品质量提升;而创新抑制效应会削弱企业的创新水平,降低企业出口产品质量。采用中国微观企业数据检验相关结论发现：总体上,贸易成本上升显著的降低了企业出口产品质量,其中,贸易成本对劳动密集型企业和加工贸易企业的出口产品质量降低作用更大,而对资本密集型企业和一般贸易企业的降低幅度较小。中介效应的检验发现：贸易成本的生产率门槛效应和创新抑制效应同时存在,并且创新抑制效应更大,因此总体上,贸易成本会降低企业出口产品质量。