A review on cost-effectiveness analysis of agri-environmental measures related to the EU WFD: Key issues, methods, and applications

The European Water Framework Directive (WFD) explicitly integrates economics into water management and water policy in Europe. Specifically, Article 11 and Annex III of the Directive call for a cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) of alternative mitigation measures as a requirement in formulating Programme of Measures (PoMs) to achieve ‘good ecological status’ for all waters in Europe. As agriculture is supposed to be the major contributor to diffuse water pollution, CEA of agri-environmental measures has been given paramount importance in establishing the PoMs. This paper summarises the status, significance, and methodological limitations of WFD-related CEA studies in Europe. Cases from the United Kingdom, countries surrounding the Baltic Sea and central and southern Europe were included in the review. Review results indicate that most WFD-related CEA studies: (1) were based on models of ‘representative’ farms without capturing the variability among real-world farms; (2) concentrate on a single ecological effect of measures or are based on cost estimates of the sectors directly involved in the pollutant-reduction programme (i.e., co-benefits, trade-offs, and external costs were not examined); and (3) did not incorporate uncertainties in both cost and effectiveness estimates. Based on the review results, the paper suggests policy implications and recommendations for future research in the field.     

Operationalising active involvement in the EU Water Framework Directive: Why, when and how?

We identify two key stages in the river basin planning process under the Water Framework Directive: the selection of instruments for a programme of measures to achieve the environmental targets, and disproportionate cost analysis to determine whether selected measures involve high costs. Some EU member states such as Denmark are operationalising these two key stages using cost effectiveness analysis and cost-benefit analysis. However, implementation guidelines encourage the active involvement of all interested parties in the implementation of the Directive. We discuss the potential benefits of actively involving non-state actors, which can be summarised as increasing the effectiveness of policy and improving its implementation. Criticising the emerging economic decision-making approach, we argue that economic analyses could result in a missed opportunity to capitalise on the potential benefits of involvement. The article discusses the appropriateness of actively involving the public during the two aforementioned decision-making stages and suggests concrete ways in which active involvement may be operationalised. We conclude that member states should not implement a minimum form of participation to comply with the statutory requirements of the Directive, but should strive for active involvement due to the potential for increasing the effectiveness of the Water Framework Directive and improving its implementation.     

基于ASP·NET的单点登录系统的研究与实现

针对传统单点登录系统存在的兼容性和安全性差、无授权机制以及缺乏用户个性化服务等缺点,利用Form s身份认证机制和共享认证模式解决域内和跨域认证问题,使用URL授权机制完成访问控制和授权功能,运用.NET框架下的安全服务保证交互过程的安全性,结合个性化服务功能提高用户体验,设计并实现了一种基于ASP.NET的单点登录系统.     

海峡两岸经济合作框架协议（ECFA）对中美经贸及政治关系的影响——基于复合相互依赖理论的视角

海峡两岸经济合作框架协议（ECFA）是大陆与台湾＂五项共同愿景＂中迈出的重要一步,必将对中美经贸、政治关系等产生深远影响。本文将基于复合相互依赖理论的视角对ECFA及对中美关系的影响进行分析,并提出＂经济过程解释模式＂、＂总体权力结构解释模式＂和＂问题领域结构解释模式＂方面的建议。     

我国农村基础设施投资政策变迁的倡议联盟框架分析

新中国成立以来,我国农村基础设施投资政策历经变迁。影响政策变迁的因素,除国家经济形势决定的发展战略外,还有政策参与者之间的互动作用。政策参与者之间的信念一致或者妥协,促进了政策的形成、变迁。优化我国农村基础设施投资政策,要求培育新型职业农民,强化政策学习机制,吸纳地方政府、政策研究组织、衣民等多元主体参与政策制定,使以农民利益为核心的政策利益得以充分反映和表达。     

通货膨胀目标制:内容、特点与启示

通货膨胀目标制是20世纪90年代以来货币政策实践的最新发展。这一新的货币政策框架使中央银行的独立性增强,货币政策透明度增加,货币政策操作更具前瞻性,并提高了货币政策的可信度。其成功经验,对完善中国货币政策操作具有启示和借鉴意义。     

Bridging the academic–policy-making gap: practice and policy issues

How policy-makers engage with academics is both a current ‘hot’ topic and a perennial problem. Policy initiatives such as the Research Excellence Framework's (REF) so-called ‘impact agenda’ have ‘pushed’ academics towards seeking more such engagement, whilst others ‘pull’ towards it, such as ‘open policy-making’. Apart from some biographical accounts and case studies, surprisingly little is known at a more general level about how policy-makers do actually engage with academic research and expertise. Analysis of these policies, as well as empirical evidence from the British civil service, suggest these engagements may be generating more ‘endarkenment’ (to use Weiss's term) than enlightenment.     

次贷危机的形成机理及其对货币政策框架的涵义

金融系统"过度顺周期性"的潜在特性,以及由信贷结构产品和发起-分销模式,导致市场参与者难以准确评估风险,这是次贷危机的形成机理。在此基础上,分别分析其在风险承担的积累时期和金融失衡的释放时期对现行货币政策框架的涵义,认为现行货币政策框架可以减缓金融失衡的释放而导致的对经济金融的冲击,但难以约束以承担更高风险方式所导致的金融失衡,因而,必须对现行货币政策框架做出改进。最后阐述了对我国货币政策框架的启示。     

人工智能引发劳动关系变革:系统重构与治理框架

随着人工智能技术的快速发展,人工智能迅速融入各产业以及企业管理的各个领域,给劳动力市场带来了新挑战,冲击了传统的劳动关系,引发劳动关系变革。但目前学界对于人工智能技术进步对劳动关系的影响研究缺乏系统化的理论分析和治理思路。本文依据机器行为学与劳动关系系统理论,将人机动态演变关系与传统劳动关系系统理论融合,通过理论逻辑推演,对人工智能赋能及人工智能合作阶段下的劳动关系系统进行重构,并提出以"保护算法控制下的弱势劳动者"为基本逻辑、以"可信赖的AI与体面的劳动"为目标的治理框架,分别从政府促进劳资双方力量动态平衡、实施全面的"劳动安全性"措施、进行"全谱系"的劳动保障政策设计,行业根据行业"异质性"制定劳动标准,企业实行基于"人性"的底层逻辑进行管理变革三个层面提出治理框架和策略,旨在超越传统劳动关系治理的"路径依赖",为有效应对人工智能引发的劳动关系变革提供新的治理思路。     

街谷空气污染研究评述及城市规划应对框架

对城市街道峡谷(街谷)空气污染领域的研究现状、发展趋势和存在问题进行分析。以科学问题的内涵和结构为基础,提出街谷空气污染问题的求解应答域及街谷空气污染防治未来所需研究的主要内容。根据公共安全管理的生命周期理论,建立"污染源管控、扩散途径优化、污染受体保护"的街谷空气污染防治策略,设计由街谷污染机制、风险预警与防治模型、规划设计与管理、信息支持平台等共同构成的科学行动框架。在城市环境问题突出的背景下,街谷空气污染防治的城市规划对策研究是对城市问题中关键领域的重要问题的积极应对。