日本发展低碳产品出口贸易的经验及启示

后经济危机时代,低碳产品贸易将成为国际贸易新的增长点。作为较早地实践低碳经济的国家,日本近年来采取了一系列措施发展低碳产品出口贸易,如政府积极地提供财政、信息和外交支持;企业自动地调整出口结构、减少流通环节的碳排放、促进低碳系统的出口以及开展碳足迹认证等;政府和企业之间建立起良好的协力合作机制。中国也应抓住这一机遇,努力促进出口产品向低碳方向转型。但是目前中国发展低碳产品出口贸易仍面临许多障碍,如低碳产品出口的可持续发展能力差,国际低碳产品贸易自由化困难重重等。在克服这些障碍的过程中,可以借鉴日本的经验选择适合本国国情的低碳产品出口贸易发展之路。     

我国外汇储备货币组合的实证分析

截至2006年2月我国外汇储备达8536亿美元,超过日本成为世界外汇储备持有量第一大国,其后我国外汇储备也呈不断增长的态势,到2007年3月已达12020.31亿美元.外汇储备的持续增加意味着面临的风险也在持续增加.因此,如何确定合理的外汇储备币种组合成为目前需要迫切研究的课题.本文根据国内外已有研究确定了外汇储备货币结构的影响因素,结合因子分析法,得出了我国外汇储备币种组合的新选择,提出了我国外汇储备货币组合的对策建议.     

Intersectoral wage linkages: the case of Sweden

The purpose of this study is to investigate whether wage-setting in certain sectors of the Swedish economy affects wage-setting in other sectors. The theoretical background is the Scandinavian model of inflation, which states that wage-setting in the sectors exposed to international competition lead wage-setting in the sheltered sectors of the economy. The Johansen maximum likelihood cointegration approach is applied to quarterly data on Swedish sector wages for the period 1980:1–2002:2. Different vector error correction (VEC) models are created, based on assumptions as to which sectors are exposed to international competition and which are not. Granger causality tests are then carried out in the different restricted/unrestricted VEC models to test for sector wage leadership. The Granger causality tests provide strong evidence for the presence of intersectoral wage causality, but no evidence of a wage-leading role for the internationally exposed manufacturing sector.      

碳税对中国产业与地区竞争力的影响：基于CO2排放责任的视角

基于2007年中国区域间投入产出表,本文从生产者责任与消费者责任两个方面考察了中国不同地区、不同产业的CO2排放情况,并分析了两方面征收碳税对各地区以及相关产业竞争力影响的差异。研究表明,中国也存在着从东南沿海等相对发达地区向西北、东北等欠发达地区的“碳泄漏”现象。因此,与从生产者责任方征税相比,从消费者责任方征收碳税,可以较大幅度地减轻对西北、东北等欠发达地区及相关产业竞争力带来的负面影响,同时又不致使东南沿海经济发达地区及相关产业的额外负担上升幅度过大。本研究的政策启示是,在进行区域与产业CO2排放责任分担时,不能仅仅停留在生产者责任方面,需要同时引入消费者的责任,这既符合责任分担的公平性要求,也能够协调各方利益,达到最佳减排效果。     

营养降脂方便粥的研制

本文重点对营养降脂粥的配方、制作工艺以及操作要点作了介绍。     

The historical roots of India’s service-led development: A sectoral analysis of Anglo-Indian productivity differences, 1870-2000

India fell further behind the UK in terms of GDP per capita and overall labour productivity between the 1870s and the 1970s, but has been catching-up since. This paper offers a sectoral analysis of these trends. Comparative India/UK labour productivity in agriculture has declined continuously, and agriculture still accounts for around two-thirds of employment in India. Agriculture thus played a key role in India’s falling behind and has subsequently slowed down the process of catching up. Although there have been substantial fluctuations in comparative India/UK labour productivity in industry, this sector has exhibited no long run trend. The only sector to exhibit an upward trend in comparative India/UK labour productivity is services. India’s recent emergence as a dynamic service-led economy thus appears to have long historical roots. Although India has been characterised by relatively low levels of physical and human capital formation overall, its education provision has historically been unusually skewed towards secondary and tertiary levels. This has provided a limited supply of high productivity workers who have been employed predominantly in services.     

The impact of HRM practices on service quality,customer satisfaction and performance in the Indian hotel industry

This article reviews findings from a first survey of employers' views on collective bargaining reform that now forms the centrepiece of post-apartheid South Africa's experiment with 'democratic corporatism'. Using factor analysis, three constructs have been identified that inform employer attitudes to a revised system of sectoral bargaining: 'autonomous capacity'; 'conditional association'; 'external threat'. Despite the potential for anomie, these factors appear significant in the way they consistently explain an employer's orientation towards associational membership and, by proxy, sectoral bargaining. Moreover, at least two-thirds of responding firms identified strongly with each of the three factors but, typically, firms with weak capacity and in need of collective protection from the other actors are most likely to associate. Regression analysis further reveals company well-being, foreign ownership and union presence to have a significant impact on these three factors to varying degrees. Equally, two of the factors (autonomous capacity and external threat) impact significantly on an employer's tolerance of free-riding in others and on the temptation to do so for oneself. Overall, for this sample of firms, employer bodies are to be viewed more as 'political devices' than as 'economic agents' in the immediate aftermath of political liberation. In this sense, they are different from their European counter-parts. However, there is an increasing likelihood of this changing as the flexibility agenda looms ever larger in employers' minds and as issues of 'political insecurity' correspondingly fade.     

是否存在出口外溢的结构性差异——多部门外溢模型及实证

通过拓展Feder两部门外溢模型,本文构建了一个多部门外溢模型来考察出口商品结构变动对技术外溢效果的影响.采用1991-2003年我国30个省市的面板数据,实证结果发现东部地区工业制成品出口存在显著的技术外溢,中部地区技术外溢则集中在初级产品出口部门,同时西部地区出口贸易技术外溢作用不显著.本文进一步检验了各类技术吸收能力对技术外溢效果的影响,结果表明国内企业的研发能力、人力资本积累水平均是影响技术吸收的重要变量,同时金融发展水平的作用还不明显.     

Growth in manufacturing output in Ireland between the Union and the Famine: Some evidence

Pre-Famine Ireland is perceived to have undergone a process of deindustrialization as a result of trade with Great Britain. This article presents evidence that manufacturing output growth was positive and sufficient to keep pace with or exceed population growth. The textile industry in which the bulk of the manufacturing labour force was employed performed relatively poorly, though this was largely due to an internal shock in the form of technical and organisational change in the linen industry rather than trade with Britain. Concentration on the performance of the textile sector has distracted attention from the good performance in other sectors.     

The effects of Mongolia's booming mining industry on its agricultural sector: A test for Dutch disease

Dutch disease occurs when currency strengthening associated with a booming sector of an economy crowds out a lagging trade‐dependent sector. In this study, a Keynesian‐style model is specified to deduce hypotheses about how increased foreign direct investment (FDI) aimed at Mongolia's mining sector affects its agricultural sector. A key finding is that while econometric results suggest the increased FDI strengthened Mongolia's currency, its adverse effect on Mongolia's trade‐sensitive agricultural sector is not sufficiently strong to cause the sector to decline. Although Dutch disease was not detected, the posited mechanism clearly is important. Specifically, when currency strengthening is ignored the reduced‐form elasticity of agricultural value‐added with respect to FDI is 2.7 times larger than when currency strengthening is taken into account (0.103 vs. 0.038). Also, FDI‐induced currency strengthening causes the Keynesian multiplier to drop from 2.40 to 2.00 and the FDI multiplier to drop from 3.05 to 1.89.