STOCK LIQUIDATION VIA STOCHASTIC APPROXIMATION USING NASDAQ DAILY AND INTRA-DAY DATA

By focusing on computational aspects, this work is concerned with numerical methods for stock selling decision using stochastic approximation methods. Concentrating on the class of decisions depending on threshold values, an optimal stopping problem is converted to a parametric stochastic optimization problem. The algorithms are model free and are easily implementable on-line. Convergence of the algorithms is established, second moment bound of estimation error is obtained, and escape probability from a neighborhood of the true parameter is also derived. Numerical examples using both daily closing prices and intra-day data are provided to demonstrate the performance of the algorithms.     

完善铁路分局收入清算指标的探讨

通过对洛阳铁路分局现行收入清算办法进行分析,指出现行清算办法存在的不足:铁路分局实施货运局界管直清算不符合市场经济分配原则;铁路分局模拟区域运价定价系数难以真正公平合理;局管内跨分局货运机车牵引服务缺乏收入补偿等。并提出对现行分账核算的运输进款清算办法进行修正、完善和补充的建议,以充分调动铁路分局参与市场竞争的积极性。     

农村产权抵押物变现的现实困境与破解对策

农村产权抵押融资是盘活农村“沉睡资产”的重要渠道,也是增加农民财产收入的重要途径,而产权抵押物变现难是目前制约我国农村产权抵押融资健康发展的主要因素之一。由于我国农村产权流转存在刚性制度约束、农村产权的有效市场需求和流动性不足及其确权成本高且操作难,导致农村产权抵押物的收储与管理难、价值发现难、价值评估难和价值变现难。应完善农村产权抵押物变现的法律支撑体系,优化政府主导的宏观调控机制,构建包括资产管理中心、信息中心、交易中心、价值评估中心的农村产权交易市场体系,并完善农村产权确权颁证制度和农村社会保障制度等相关配套措施,以有效破解农村产权抵押物变现难困境,推动农村产权抵押融资发展。     

亏损上市公司价值评估模型的演变与启示

奥尔森(1995)和费森、奥尔森(1995)将以会计信息观为基础的传统公司价值评估模型拓展到了以会计计量观为基础的现代价值评估模型,使学者们研究价值评估问题的视角从价值分配转移到了价值创造上,进而引发了国内外学者们对亏损上市公司会计信息的价值相关性进行探讨。他们自Hayn(1995)开始相继提出了一系列评估亏损公司价值的理论模型,然而,无论是国外还是国内学者提出的亏损上市公司价值评估模型,在研究角度、研究内容、研究对象和研究方法上均存在一些问题,由此,笔者在考虑到亏损上市公司未来发展潜力的预测性和可变性情形下,提出运用投资者预期理论重新评估亏损上市公司的价值。     

Risk aversion and the dynamics of optimal liquidation strategies in illiquid markets

We consider the infinite-horizon optimal portfolio liquidation problem for a von Neumann–Morgenstern investor in the liquidity model of Almgren (Appl. Math. Finance 10:1–18, 2003). Using a stochastic control approach, we characterize the value function and the optimal strategy as classical solutions of nonlinear parabolic partial differential equations. We furthermore analyze the sensitivities of the value function and the optimal strategy with respect to the various model parameters. In particular, we find that the optimal strategy is aggressive or passive in-the-money, respectively, if and only if the utility function displays increasing or decreasing risk aversion. Surprisingly, only few further monotonicity relations exist with respect to the other parameters. We point out in particular that the speed by which the remaining asset position is sold can be decreasing in the size of the position but increasing in the liquidity price impact.      

论保险公司破产清算制度中的保单持有人利益保护——以新《保险法》相关制度评介为中心

构建完备的保险公司破产清算制度是我国《保险法》修订工作的重要内容之一,这不仅是应对当前逐渐迫近的世界性金融危机的现实需要,也是促进我国保险市场规范发展的制度前提。在保险公司破产清算程序中,充分保障保单持有人的利益、公平合理地清偿债务是有效化解金融风险的关键所在,新《保险法》相关内容为之提供了坚实的制度基础,但在科学性和可操作性上还有待进一步改进和完善。     

保险公司破产的国际经验与借鉴

本文结合国外保险公司破产的具体案例,综合分析了保险公司破产的原因,这些原因既有保险公司内部的原因,也有外部的竞争和经济环境因素,而这些破产的历史教训是预防保险公司破产、及时甄别出有破产风险保险公司的宝贵经验。本文还介绍了英国、美国和日本的保险监管措施,以及RBC、IR IS、FAST、动态财务分析四种偿付能力监管系统。最后总结了国外保险公司破产对我国的启示。     

Liquidating large security positions strategically: a pragmatic and empirical approach

This article investigates static liquidation strategies for large security positions in illiquid markets. Under the assumption that the liquidation horizon is given exogenously, a discretionary liquidity trader solves for the optimal sales trajectory so as to maximize an objective function that considers the expected liquidation revenues and their standard deviation. Although existing literature tends to focus on theoretical aspects with the intention of deriving closed-form solutions for special types of market impact functions, this article considers a framework that is able to capture important empirical phenomena in the stock market, such as the intraday U-shaped pattern of price impact and the resiliency of the order book. The new model is very flexible since it allows for liquidation intervals of varying length and foregoes the assumption of constant speed of trading. Examples with real-world order book data demonstrate how the setup can be implemented numerically and provide deeper insight into relevant properties of the model.     

买卖型担保中流质条款效力的证成与强化

审判实践不应僵化地援引禁止流质规则来无效化买卖型担保中的流质条款，以避免将买卖型担保重新装回典型担保的制度牢笼。禁止流质规则作为强制性预防措施有一定的合理性，在其立法目的必要性日渐丧失的情况下，扩张解释或者类推适用禁止流质规则均不可取，买卖型担保中的流质条款合法有效。对债权人课以清算义务，能够强化流质条款的正当性，从而彻底扫清买卖型担保中流质条款有效化的伦理障碍。担保人应负初步举证责任，只有价值差额超过“24%年利率上限”时才能启动清算，以确保流质条款的效率优势。尽管流质条款与以物抵债具有相似性，但不得以禁止流质规则束缚非买卖型担保中的以物抵债。     

The Impact of Receiving Debtor-in-Possession Financing on the Probability of Successful Emergence and Time Spent Under Chapter 11 Bankruptcy

The ability to obtain financing is a critical element in attempting to successfully reorganise a firm which has declared Chapter 11 bankruptcy. Debtor-in-possession (DIP) financing has become an increasingly popular method in recent years. This paper examines whether receiving DIP financing is related to successful reorganisations and a shortened duration under Chapter 11 bankruptcy proceedings. This study finds that there is an increase in realised returns to equity at the announcement of DIP loan agreements which is positive and statistically significant. It is also found that DIP-financed firms have a reduced probability of liquidation, and shorter time spent under bankruptcy proceedings.