政府补助、投融资约束与企业僵尸化

僵尸企业丧失活力但仍然存续,对国民经济效率具有严重的不利影响,清理僵尸企业是供给侧结构性改革的关键步骤。政府补助与僵尸企业形成的关系是当前供给侧结构性改革研究中的焦点问题之一。基于企业面临的主要约束类型,本文将企业划分为缺乏投资机会的投资机会约束企业和缺乏资金来源的融资约束企业,以2007—2016年A股上市公司为样本,研究不同约束类型下企业获得政府补助对企业僵尸化的影响。结果表明,政府补助更多拨付给投资机会约束企业而非融资约束企业;政府补助是企业僵尸化的推手之一,但仅在投资机会约束企业中显著;专用于扩大企业融资的融资补助对于投资机会约束企业僵尸化的作用较政府补助总额更为显著;政府补助总额与融资补助均未起到缓解融资约束企业僵尸化的作用。在控制反向因果的内生性问题、替换代理变量、滞后补助变量和对亏损企业样本僵尸化进行讨论的稳健性测试中,结果仍然显著。本文为政府补助与僵尸企业形成问题提供了企业面临主要约束这一异质性视角,并基于补助错配问题,提出优化政府补助政策与解决企业僵尸化问题的政策建议。     

互联网使能情境下创业企业国际市场机会获取研究

互联网通讯技术及电子商务的迅猛发展对创业企业国际市场机会获取产生了积极影响,并极大促进了创业企业国际化发展。但在国际创业理论框架下,系统探究互联网使能与创业企业国际化的研究仍然鲜见。在文献梳理的基础上,以创业理论核心机会获取为切入点,构建互联网使能情境下创业企业国际市场机会获取概念模型,并对未来研究提出相关建议。     

机遇管理与企业竞争优势

本文从企业成长过程中所面临的问题出发,运用机遇管理理论分析了企业辨识、评价、利用和营造机遇的运行机制,阐释了企业发展过程中机遇管理的重要性和必然性。从经济学的视角来看,企业的竞争优势来源于经济租金,经济租金可以分为基于低成本和差异化的张伯伦租金、基于资源和能力的李嘉图租金、基于知识和创新的熊彼特租金。本文分析了企业机遇管理在企业获取经济租金、建立竞争优势中的作用,分析了机遇管理与低成本和差异化、资源和能力、知识和创新之间的关系。本文认为,机遇管理有利于获得与维持企业租金：企业通过机遇管理有助于实现低成本和差异化,获取张伯伦租金;有助于企业获得稀缺资源,提高能力,获取李嘉图租金;有助于企业积累知识,促进创新,获取熊彼特租金。本文从经济学的角度分析了企业竞争优势的来源,论证了企业租金的来源正是企业竞争优势的来源,探索了企业通过机遇管理建立竞争优势的新方法、新途径。     

Defining the Problem and Problems of Definition: Legal Standards for Expanding Issues in Sexual Harassment

Sexual harassment has been a difficult area of legal interpretation. Legal frameworks used in other areas of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act have not been used in the development of standards by which to judge on the job harassment. Specific difficulties analyzed are the status of group versus individual protection, the notion that harassment is a correctable violation, problems of defining a hostile environment and determining harm, adverse effects on third parties, harassment without sexuality, and same sex harassment. Disagreements between the Circuit Courts and the EEOC are highlighted and effects on individuals and organizations are discussed. Suggestions for organization policy are made.     

The economic costs of avoided deforestation in the developing world: A meta-analysis

This meta-analysis aims to identify the key factors governing the economic costs of avoided deforestation in developing countries. To this end, data were collected from 32 primary studies published between 1995 and 2012, yielding 277 observations. Results show that unit costs depend significantly on cost features like estimation methodology, inclusion or exclusion of cost components, carbon accounting method, area size, alternative land uses and beneficiaries, time horizon, and the continent in which the forest protection scheme is implemented, but also factors like the share of agriculture in a nation's economy play a significant role in explaining unit costs. In future studies, greater attention needs to be paid to additional cost components like transaction costs and the presence of the co-benefits of avoided deforestation.     

Ranking opportunity sets in a simple intertemporal framework

We extend the problem of ranking subsets (opportunity sets) of a set of alternatives to an intertemporal setting, whereby the agent makes a sequence of choice decisions over time. In particular, we show in a simple two-period model that an agent who satisfies five plausible axioms ranks opportunity sets in a lexicographic fashion. That is, the agent ranks opportunity sets based solely on the relative desirability of their first-period alternatives, and only if the first-period alternatives are thought equally desirable does the agent consider the second-period alternatives. We discuss this strong time-discounting result and the role of the axioms, and also show that the popular “independence” axioms employed in the existing “static” literature are inconsistent with some reasonable axioms regarding intertemporal choice.      

Opportunity identification for sustainable entrepreneurship: Exploring the interplay of individual and context level factors in India

Sustainable entrepreneurship is becoming an increasingly established topic within the entrepreneurship literature. The phenomenon of businesses incorporating social and environmental agendas within their core activities has gathered an increasing academic interest. However, few empirical studies have explored the stage of opportunity identification in the sustainable entrepreneurship process in a more systematic manner, even more so in non-Western contexts such as India. We structure our analysis using a framework situated in the conventional entrepreneurship literature and the literature on National Business Systems (NBS). We conduct a qualitative study to explore the motivations of Indian sustainable entrepreneurs in two sectors: sustainable energy and ethical clothing. While we find that the conventional entrepreneurship based framework provides crucial insights to understand opportunity identification within sustainable entrepreneurship, we also observe a number of features unique to sustainable entrepreneurship in the Indian context—including the personal backgrounds of the participants as well as prioritization of motivational factors. Importantly, we find notable within-country variation in the contextual factors that appear to shape motivational dynamics. In the words of one participant, “there are many Indias” rather than one monolithic approach to sustainable entrepreneurship in India.     

创业机会识别过程：机会原型与结构匹配的作用

机会识别是企业家精神的核心思想之一，创业者往往因其经验劣势，难以发现和认知尚未被发掘的机会。现有研究对创业者如何利用机会原型，匹配技术和市场结构关系进而识别创业机会的内在机理仍缺乏深入考察。基于此，采用口语报告法，分析创业者机会原型和结构匹配在创业机会识别过程中的作用，揭示机会原型如何促进结构匹配的推理水平提升。结果表明：创业者更多地利用结构关系匹配识别机会，较少利用表面特征匹配；具有较高水平机会原型的创业者在机会识别过程中更多地利用结构关系匹配，表面特征匹配利用较少。研究结果丰富了创业机会识别认知理论，为解释为什么有些人能够识别别人看不到的机会的前置因素提供了基础。     

Development of an additive manufacturing technology scenario for opportunity identification—The case of Mexico

This study presents a Technological Roadmap for Additive Manufacturing Technology – also known as 3D printing –, which has been elaborated by the combination of three methodologies: technological surveillance, technological road mapping, and structural analysis. The resulting methodology allowed to establish landmarks in the future evolution of the technology selected at market, product, technology and capacities levels in a particular region, a specific scenario for Mexico. Additive Manufacturing Technology is an advanced manufacturing process different from the traditional subtracting manufacturing methods. This technology has generated great expectation in the last years, and a great future impact in the technology is anticipated; many authors think that the Additive Manufacturing Technology is the next “great thing”, similar to the development of the semiconductor, the computer or the Internet. The worldwide Additive Manufacturing Technology industry trends were compared with data corresponding to the state of the art in Mexico, in order to unfold a roadmap for the developed scenario which allowed to determine possible stages focused on taking advantage of the technology and identifying opportunities for Additive Manufacturing Technology in the country, in terms of its use and research and development.     

A study on financial opportunity costs of growing local varieties of sorghum in Ethiopia: Implications for on-farm conservation policy

The increasing interest in on-farm conservation is driven by its diverse attractive features — its participatory nature and its flexible and dynamic features; its capacity to maintain not only crop diversity but the knowledge that evolves with it; and the chance it offers to link conservation with utilization and farmers' livelihoods. To implement this strategy on a sustainable basis, policy incentives are crucial. This paper argues that opportunity costs farmers face have a role to play to design sound policy incentives. Taking sorghum as an example, opportunity costs have been examined in this paper using data collected from 198 farmers in Eastern Ethiopia. The average opportunity costs suggest the size of the required policy incentives and they are the basis to estimate the national conservation costs for on-farm conservation. The regression analysis shows that opportunity costs increase with access to output markets and extension, output price, access to input supply, experience in growing improved varieties, and the relative importance of the crop. On the contrary, plot quality, input price, and oxen ownership are reducing the opportunity costs. The paper then concludes outlining the policy implications of the empirical findings to incentive design for on-farm conservation.