The distinction between commercial and non-commercial bus services in Germany: Given by nature?

German public transport services by bus are characterized by a regulatory framework that distinguishes between commercial and non-commercial services. Contrary to the apparent views of legislators, this paper shows that costs and revenues are not the only parameters determining whether or not operators are able to provide services in a commercially viable way.Apart from the local characteristics of the specific service, we show that the classification of services as commercial versus non-commercial is determined in large part by the public transport authorities that set minimum quality standards to be provided by operators. Our analysis shows that the authorities awarding the contracts in some cases affect market organization significantly depending on how they make use of this power. Furthermore, market organization differs substantially with respect to the awarding structure and the contractual relationships, thus creating a challenge for operators and authorities in an embryonic market.     

A direct comparison of physical block occupancy versus timed block occupancy in train timetabling formulations

Two fundamental mathematical formulations for railway timetabling are compared on a common set of sample problems, representing both multiple track high density services in Europe and single track bidirectional operations in North America. One formulation, ACP, enforces against conflicts by constraining time intervals between trains, while the other formulation, RCHF, monitors physical occupation of controlled track segments. The results demonstrate that both ACP and RCHF return comparable solutions in the aggregate, with some significant differences in select instances, and a pattern of significant differences in performance and constraint enforcement overall.     

George Hudson's financial reporting practices: putting the Eastern Counties Railway in context

George Hudson was the most important railway promoter of his time. He had a particular aptitude for visualizing and arranging spectacular company and line amalgamations and his activities helped to bring about the beginnings of a more modern railway network. In 1849 he exercised effective control over nearly 30 per cent of the rail track then operating in the UK, most of it owned by four railway groups, the Eastern Counties Railway, the Midland, the York, Newcastle and Berwick, and the York and North Midland, before a series of scandalous revelations forced him out of office. The economic, railway and accounting literatures have treated George Hudson as an important figure in railway history, although concentrating largely on the financial reporting malpractices of the Eastern Counties Railway, while Hudson was its chairman, which were incorporated into the influential Monteagle Committee Report of 1849. Relatively little attention has been paid, however, to events at Hudson's other major companies. This paper analyzes the available evidence, particularly that produced by the Committees of Investigation established at all four railway groups, in order to provide a more balanced assessment of George Hudson's approach to financial reporting and thereby place events at the Eastern Counties Railway in a broader context.     

加快推进呼和浩特铁路局多元经营在华北地区集疏运系统建设的思考

介绍了呼和浩特铁路局集疏运系统建设情况,提出了呼铁局在华北地区集疏运系统建设的改进与调减建议,从而为该局的物流业发展提供了指导作用。     

An assessment of railway capacity

In this paper, we review the main concepts and methods to perform capacity analyses, and we present an automated tool that is able to perform several capacity analyses. Capacity is extremely dependent on infrastructure, traffic, and operating parameters. Therefore, an in-depth study of the main factors that influence railway capacity is performed on several Spanish railway infrastructures. The results show how the capacity varies according to factors such as train speed, commercial stops, train heterogeneity, distance between railway signals, and timetable robustness.     

高速铁路对居民消费的空间溢出效应研究

高速铁路开通对居民消费发展具有重要影响。本文基于2003-2017年的省级面板数据,利用空间杜宾模型检验了高速铁路对居民消费的空间溢出效应。结果表明:(1)我国居民消费存在明显的空间集聚特征;(2)周边地区的高铁运营对本地区的居民消费水平有促进作用,但二者并非简单的线性关系,高速铁路对我国居民消费水平的影响呈倒U型;(3)周边地区高铁通过影响当地经济发展水平和旅客周转量来促进当地居民消费水平提升。为此,我国需要充分利用居民消费的空间依赖性来改善各地区居民的消费,完善和优化现有的高铁网络,以高铁发展带动消费水平提升,为经济可持续发展提供适宜的消费环境。     

中国寿险公司多元化经营的风险分析

选取新华、国寿、太平、泰康、平安等五家寿险集团公司从2001~2011年每年绩效指标中总资产收益率和净资产收益率的标准差作为度量公司风险的指标,将五家公司的业务线熵指数的均值作为多元化经营的指标进行实证分析。结果表明:多元化经营与寿险公司总资产收益率、净资产收益率的标准差之间存在一定的非线性关系,即多元化经营在一定范围内可以降低ROA和ROE的波动性,但在一定范围内又可能会增大这种波动性。     

我国铁路运煤专线运营状况分析——以大秦线和神朔线为例

通过分析大秦线和神朔线两条铁路运煤专线的基础条件和运营状况,指出影响铁路运煤专线运营效率的主要因素包括线路自然条件、技术条件、运营组织、运营机制和管理水平,据此提出提高铁路运煤专线运营效率的相关政策建议。     

“四阶段法”中运量分配的路网断面剖切技术研究

针对"四阶段法"的运量分配过程中存在对路网动态变化的适应性反应迟钝、相关径路双向交流产生的大量回流量重复计算、通道交流量缺乏总量控制调节关键环节等问题,提出采用路网断面动态剖切技术,给出具体操作步骤和基本算法,并与传统运量分配方法进行优劣分析。通过宝中线运量预测的实例计算分析,说明断面剖切技术的实际应用。     

江西与广东,香港的经济合作研究

京九铁路南段（九江以南）使赣粤港三地成为一个紧密联系的经济地带。江西与广东、香港的经济互补性强，具备互惠合作的良好的基础。江西省利用自身优势，抓住当前机遇，采取适当措施，必将实现赣粤港经济融合与江西省的经济腾飞。