Homogeneity and Heterogeneity Within and Across Boundaries and Shorelines: Ensemble of Darwin's Finches and Human Transaction Types

Synopsis: In the most famous example of the biological process of adaptive radiation, two forces explain the fourteen distinct species of Darwin's finches on the Galápagos and Cocos Islands: First, populations adapt to their respective distinct ecological environments. Second, previously separated populations come in contact and may adapt to mitigate inter-species competition. The result is a complex pattern of homogeneity and heterogeneity among the birds, both on a single island and across islands. This pattern reflects the finches' adaptations both to the distinct ecological conditions created by the visible shorelines that separate the islands' niches and to the finches' own less-visible cultural and societal shorelines. The New Institutional Economics highlights the fact that human institutional infrastructures also exhibit complex homogeneities and heterogeneities, as we adapt those infrastructures to accomplish the tasks at hand in distinct geographic and societal contexts. Mixes of both state enforcement and self-enforcement, through inter-temporal, inter-issue, and inter-actor linkages, provide support and enforcement for transactions; and those mixes differ across transactions and across states. When transactions occur across state or cultural shorelines, institutional infrastructures must be flexible enough to accommodate those differences, without allowing the differences to become disguised protectionism or barriers to competition. These issues contribute to many of the regulatory disputes associated with ‘globalization’. We briefly consider two concrete recent examples: (1) the European Union–United States ‘Safe Harbor’ Agreement that regulates firms' policies toward Internet-data privacy; and (2) international trade policy negotiations over regulation of ‘geographical indications’ (for example, Champagne or Roquefort) as means of assuring product quality for processed foods. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Divide and Rule: Geographical Diversification and the Multinational Firm

We develop a model to illustrate a motive for FDI that derives from a firm's overall locational strategy. A firm, that initially has a plant in its home country, may choose to also have a foreign plant in order to improve its bargaining position versus local labour unions. This permits the firm to reduce wages. Furthermore, the existence of a second foreign plant acts to discipline the demands of foreign workers. Thus, the firm is faced with a link between the wage and its degree of geographical diversification. This drives up the number of plants the firm has in equilibrium.     

中国城市对外贸易结构:典型事实与初步解释

理解城市对外贸易结构的差异对理解不同城市对外竞争能力差异以及各类城市在国际分工中的地位和作用具有重要价值,然而现有研究很少从城市角度考察贸易结构问题。本文利用“中国海关进出口统计数据库”2000~2008年的数据,计算了我国地级市水平所有权、贸易方式、地理和产品4种贸易结构的相关指标,发现这些指标在城市间存在显著差异。结合“中国城市统计数据”的实证分析表明,技术水平、要素禀赋、内部地理、集聚经济和人力资本是影响城市贸易结构差异的重要因素。     

世界工业遗产的地理、产业分布及价值特征研究——基于《世界遗产名录》中工业遗产的统计分析

通过对《世界遗产名录》中的工业遗产进行统计分析,得出目前50个世界工业遗产在时间分布上呈现出阶段性递增的特征;在地理分布上呈现出大部分集聚于欧洲、整体分布不均衡的特征;产业分布上呈现出采矿业、制造业、交通运输业比重大的特征;从登录标准来看呈现出具有较强的科技价值的特征。从世界遗产的视角分析世界工业遗产的特征和发展趋势对我国的工业遗产保护具有重要的启示作用,以期为我国工业遗产的识别、认定和保护性再利用等方面提供借鉴。     

海岛旅游交通模式分析——以海南岛为例

基于不同地理特征将海岛分为远岸岛、陆连岛和近岸岛,分析了不同类型海岛的资源特征,探讨了海岛旅游交通的设计理念,实例分析了国际上著名的度假海岛的旅游交通模式,提出了适合海南岛资源特征的近岸岛旅游交通模式,以促进海南岛旅游交通模式与生态保护的和谐发展。     

基于GWR模型的长三角区域经济增长主导因素研究

本文运用地理加权回归(geographical weighted regression,GWR)方法,对2003年、2008年两个年度的长三角区域经济增长主导因素的空间非稳定性进行了实证分析。传统的OLS只是对参数进行平均或全局估计,不能反映参数在不同空间的空间非稳定性;GWR是一种简单、有效的技术,可以反映参数在不同空间的空间非稳定性。研究结果表明,在对长三角经济增长各主要因素进行参数估计时,GWR模型与OLS模型有显著的差异;经济增长的主导因素存在空间变异。     

利用地理标志保护法规 护航区域特色经济

地理标志产品保护是知识产权保护的重要内容之一,是证明产品正宗的质量认证标志。广西近年来采取积极措施,大力推进地理标志保护工作,充分发挥了地理标志保护产品在提高企业竞争力、增加农民收入和促进县域经济发展的积极作用。     

利用地理标志保护法规 护航区域特色经济

地理标志产品保护是知识产权保护的重要内容之一,是证明产品正宗的质量认证标志。广西近年来采取积极措施,大力推进地理标志保护工作,充分发挥了地理标志保护产品在提高企业竞争力、增加农民收入和促进县域经济发展的积极作用。     

地理国情监测的体系框架研究

通过对地理国情与地理国情监测的基本问题与关键问题进行系统分析和归纳,采用综合分析法、对比分析法和归纳法,初步提出地理国情监测的体系框架。结果表明:地理国情是国情体系的有机组成部分,它既来源于地理信息,同时也是对地理信息的扩展。其监测的对象包括自然环境要素、产业经济要素和社会人文要素等3个方面,监测的方法主要包括测绘方法、统计分析方法、评价预测方法和信息科学方法等。通过对地理国情信息进行采集与分析,最终形成相应的数据成果与管理制度成果。在地理国情监测过程中,应分类、分区、分层开展监测工作;突出监测的重点问题;建立统一的数据规范;完善地理国情监测的法律法规体系;强化监测成果的应用。