基于能值理论的整理区土地集约利用研究

土地作为不可替代的稀缺经济要素,其空间位置的不可移动性、使用的排他性,决定了我们在土地利用过程中,必须集约利用。本文利用能值理论,分析整理区农业生态系统的能值结构变化,进而反映土地整理的土地集约利用效果。研究结果是土地整理工作较大地改善了项目区农业生产条件,项目区总能值投入比整理前提高了25%,净能值产出率提高了11%,能值使用强度提高了25%,提高了土地生产力和土地资源的集约利用水平;暴露的主要问题是化肥的使用量较大,有机肥投入比例较低,建议应加大对农家肥的投入,提倡种植绿肥,以利于土壤有机质的保持,为农业持续发展提供物质基础。     

Cost Structures and Nash Play in Repeated Cournot Games

This paper reports an experiment designed to assess the effects of a rotation in the marginal cost curve on convergence in a repeated Cournot triopoly. Increasing the cost curve's slope both reduces the serially-undominated set to the Nash prediction, and increases the peakedness of earnings. We observe higher rates of Nash equilibrium play in the design with the steeper marginal cost schedule, but only when participants are also rematched after each decision. Examination of response patterns suggests that the treatment with a steeper marginal cost curve and with a re-matching of participants across periods induces the selection of Nash Consistent responses.     

岩溶山地土地整理模式研究

西南岩溶山地是典型的脆弱生态环境,与经济发达地区相比,有其自身的土地资源特点、生态特点和社会特点。文章以此为基础,提出岩溶山地土地整理的原则、思路,认为岩溶山地的土地整理应从高标准基本农田建设、阶梯式还林退耕和辐射式生态重建、实行土地双轨制、直接对农户投资着手等,提出不同空间尺度如县市、乡镇、村组、农户土地整理的具体模式。非耕地资源开发是岩溶山地土地整理的重点。     

甘肃省耕地资源禀赋与贫困关系的量化研究

文章对甘肃省87个县以及其中的43个国家贫困县的耕地资源指标和贫困指标进行了相关分析,得出的结论是:甘肃省耕地资源禀赋与贫困之间没有相关性。因此要解决甘肃省的贫困问题,保证粮食安全战略,进而实现可持续发展的目标,必须提高土地质量,发展生态农业,增加单位面积的产出,并调整农业产业结构。片面扩大耕地面积不仅不能够提高粮食产量,反而会造成发展的不可持续性。     

退耕还林对延安地区农业经济的影响

对延安地区11个农业县退耕前后耕地/播种总面积、种植业结构、农业投入、粮食、油料产量与单产量以及农民年均纯收入的变化进行了研究,探讨了退耕还林对延安地区农业经济的影响及其作用机制。退耕还林优化了农村的种植业结构与产业结构,全面带动了农村经济的发展。但仍然存在着一些亟待解决的问题,并给农村经济带来了一定的负面影响。     

Introduction to Repeated Games with Private Monitoring

We present a brief overview of recent developments in discounted repeated games with (imperfect) private monitoring. The literature explores the possibility of cooperation in a long-term relationship, where each agent receives imperfect private information about the opponents' actions. Although this class of games admits a wide range of applications such as collusion under secret price-cutting, exchange of goods with uncertain quality, and observation errors, it has fairly complex mathematical structure due to the lack of common information shared by players. This is in sharp contrast to the well-explored case of repeated games under public information (with the celebrated Folk Theorems), and until recently little had been known about the private monitoring case. However, rapid developments in the past few years have revealed the possibility of cooperation under private monitoring for some class of games. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: C72, C73, D43, D82, L13, L41.     

Provision Point Mechanisms and Field Validity Tests of Contingent Valuation

Past field validity tests of contingent valuation have relied on voluntary contribution mechanisms to elicit actual willingness to pay, and may overestimate hypothetical bias because of free riding in the actual contributions. This paper argues that provision point mechanisms are a preferred alternative for field validity tests of contingent valuation because they increase the proportion of demand revealed in cases in which public goods can be provided in a step function. The results of a contingent valuation validity study of participation in a green electricity pricing program that uses a provision point mechanism are reported, and hypothetical open-ended and dichotomous choice responses are compared to actual participation. Calibration of hypothetical responses is also explored.     

The Prosecution of Public Figures and the Separation of Powers. Confusion within the Executive Branch – A Conceptual Framework

Criminal investigation and prosecution of politicians, top civil servants and other public figures are topics frequently discussed in the media. The nature of the investigating or prosecuting authority varies between countries – from the general public prosecutor, through magistrates to independent counsels or parliamentary investigation commissions. This paper analyzes the role and status of public prosecutors within the separation of powers-concept. Prosecutors are usually part of the executive and not the judicial branch, which implies that they do not enjoy the same degree of independence as judges, and are ultimately subordinated to the directives of the minister of justice or the government. Conflicts of interest may hence arise if members of government can use the criminal process for their own or partisan interests. The incentives of public prosecutors in different jurisdictions are compared.     

Money as Social Exergy

Synopsis It has been proposed that open thermodynamic systems will act to dissipate available energy gradients by self-organizing into coherent structures that, with time, evolve and develop into nested hierarchies – panarchies – that adapt to internal and external changes according to a characteristic adaptive cycle. This paper seeks to apply these ideas in the purely societal realm by investigating the role of money in economic systems. Money represents the value embodied in goods; a value that is separate from the exact nature of those goods. We suggest that money thereby liberates the ‘free value’ of economic desire and that this free value has properties analogous to energy. The result is the self-organization of structures and systems (‘econosystems’) that dissipate this ‘free value’. Econosystems act at different scales, and nested levels of econosystems form a panarchy, having effects that can be observed. In particular, it appears that money facilitates the creation of relationships between econosystem actors, increasing the connectedness of the econosystems that envelop those actors. We have identified a phenomenon whereby freed social value (i.e. money) can aggregate, or pool, at a larger econosystem scale in structures such as banks. These pools act as gradients that actors at the neighborhood scale can exploit for self-organization in the econosystem. Thus, econosystem actors appear to be freed from thermodynamic constraints by using money as a means of self-organization. However, because of these pools of aggregated social exergy, connectedness is increased at the larger scale of the econosystem. The potential consequence of this dynamic is that money may act to push larger scale econosystems toward a state of heightened vulnerability to collapse, while freeing smaller scale actors from apparent constraints. In this way, we propose that money acts to skew information feedback loops between econosystem actors and larger scale structures such as economies and ecosystems.      

黑龙江省典型城市合理用地规模确定的实证研究——以大庆市为例

以黑龙江省典型的资源型城市——大庆市建成区为研究对象,用1990—2004年的数据建立经济数学模型。利用Excel软件分析了城市用地规模与经济发展水平之间的关系,表明两者呈相互关联的非线性变化规律。假定在同一技术条件下,采取成本—效益模型计算出确保城市经济效益最优时的土地面积即为合理用地规模,通过计算城市空间扩展度,得出现有城市用地规模大于合理用地规模的结论,在今后的经济发展中应考虑适当地控制城市用地规模。