Adjustment Process of the Price to Book Ratio for Regulated Utilities

This study tests whether shifts in the price to book ratio (PB) of electric utilities follow a partial adjustment rather than the pure adjustment process implied by the cost-plus pricing policy of regulation. The results for utilities are compared to benchmark results for manufacturing firms to highlight the similarity/dissimilarity in the time-series behavior of PB for regulated and non-regulated firms. It is shown that shifts in PB follow a partial adjustment process. The adjustment period is longer for utilities than for manufacturing firms and extends well beyond the average regulatory lag. Moreover, shifts in PB are associated with changes in future profits and investments.     

我国医疗行业的价格竞争策略和价格战的分析

我国的医疗行业，从集中度上看，属于原子型的市场，面临着激烈的竞争。在定价理论的基础上，提出了医疗行业的价格竞争策略，并指出了每种策略的实施范围。最后，对医疗行业的价格战进行了分析，并预测了其发展趋势：随着我国加入WTO和医疗行业的改革的深化，医疗行业必将面临着越来越激烈的价格竞争。因此，医疗机构必须运用合适的价格竞争策略，以获得竞争力。     

马鞍山市土地利用与生态环境

介绍了马鞍山市的概况、土地利用现状及土地利用结构、空间布局、城市用地、土地开发整理、重大生态建设工程对生态环境的影响;提出了促进该市生态环境建设的一些政策和管理措施。     

Price Dynamics in a Vertical Sector: The Case of Butter

We develop a reduced-form model of price transmission in a vertical sector, allowing for refined asymmetric, contemporaneous and lagged, own and cross-price effects under time-varying volatility. The model is used to investigate the wholesale-retail price dynamics in the U.S. butter market. The analysis documents the nature of nonlinear price dynamics in a vertical sector. It finds strong evidence of asymmetric retail price responses, both in the short term and the longer term, but only weak evidence of asymmetric wholesale price responses. Asymmetric retail responses play a major role in generating a skewed distribution of butter prices. The empirical results indicate the presence of imperfect competition at the retail level.     

Inequality and Social Conflict Over Land in Africa

The paper proposes that reports of pervasive competition and conflict over land in sub-Saharan Africa belie a current image of negotiable and adaptive customary systems of landholding and land use but, instead, reveal processes of exclusion, deepening social divisions and class formation. Cases of ambiguous and indeterminate outcomes among claimants over land do occur, but the instances of intensifying conflict over land, deepening social rifts and expropriation of land beg for closer attention. More emphasis needs to be placed by analysts on who benefits and who loses from instances of 'negotiability' in access to land, an analysis that, in turn, needs to be situated in broader political economic and social changes taking place, particularly during the past thirty or so years. This requires a theoretical move away from privileging contingency, flexibility and negotiability that, willy-nilly, ends by suggesting an open field, to one that is able to identify those situations and processes (including com-modification, structural adjustment, market liberalization and globalization) that limit or end negotiation and flexibility for certain social groups or categories.     

四川省耕地资源可持续利用

四川省山地多，平地少，耕地比重小，人口多且分布不均衡。主要农耕区四川盆地人地矛盾尖锐。控制耕地占用和人口增长。加大农业科技投入是实现四川省耕地可持续发展的重要措施。     

农业可持续发展与土地资源优化配置

农村土地贵源的优化配置是农业可持续发展的核心。从配置原则的选择、配置主体的转换与配置机制的再造3个层面，结合我国农村改革与发展实际，分析了市场经济条件下的农村土地资源配置，这也是解决“三农”问题的重要目标选择。     

运用规划手段不断提高城市土地使用效率

研究目的是针对我国城市化进程中土地供需矛盾日趋尖锐的状况 ,探讨提高城市土地使用效率的城市规划方法 ;研究方法是综合分析城市规划对城市土地使用效率的影响因素 ;研究结论是提出综合运用规划手段提高城市土地使用效率的一些措施。     

我国城市土地宏观级差效益浅析

城市土地宏观级差效益是指因城市在一国地域分布中的差异而在经济运行中产生的收益。一般分为城市区位级差效益、城市功能级差效益和城市规模级差效益等三部分。本文对我国城市土地宏观级差效益做出了定量分析。并根据分析结果,对我国目前阶段的一些城市经济发展问题,如土地的集约利用、产业结构调整、城市发展战略等做了进一步的探讨。     

城郊农村土地高效利用的路径选择——以铜仁市马岩村为例

城市化进程的加快不仅为城市郊区的农村发展带来机遇,更为土地资源高效利用的路径选择带来挑战。马岩村作为铜仁市城市功能转移承接区域,存在着土地资源规划利用不合理、闲置现象严重、土地利用缺乏监管和政策引导以及土地利用效益低下且利益分配不合理等问题。文章基于马岩村的实际情况,结合近年来马岩村土地利用状况,针对土地利用过程中出现的问题,分析合理、高效和科学利用土地资源路径,即提出退耕还林还草、第一和第三产业融合、以大棚基地为依托打造开心农场和构建新的农业经营体系等土地高效利用的举措。文章还就如何快速、深入地促进马岩村土地高效利用的问题,进一步提出坚持规划在前、优化产业结构、合理使用工业用地、制定和扶持承包政策以及正确处理好政府、旅游公司和农户之间的利益分配等具体的建议。通过文章科学例证,以期为城市农村近郊土地利用路径科学选择、提高土地利用效率提供借鉴。