农业社会化服务对农户福利的影响研究——基于农药减量增效服务的实证检验

目的 厘清农业社会化服务对农户家庭收入的影响机制,对提升农户福利水平和完善农业社会化服务体系具有重要意义。方法 文章运用内生转换模型、中介效应模型等方法,重点关注于农药减量增效、保障农产品质量安全的农业社会化服务,实证检验其对农户福利的影响。结果 （1）样本农户中农业社会化服务平均采纳项数仅为2.24项,其中统防统治服务和质量检测服务的采用率均不足20%;（2）农业社会化服务能够通过改变农户传统施药观念与提升种植管理水平,改善农户福利,表现为在反事实假设下,实际采用农业社会化服务的农户若不采用,其家庭人均年收入将下降3.78%;（3）农业社会化服务福利效应存在群组差异性,对于高文化程度、低农业劳动比、种植规模较小的农户而言,采用农业社会化服务后福利水平改善程度相对较大。结论 应持续加强对农业社会化服务的组织形式与服务方式的创新,分类引导不同类型农户理性采用农业社会化服务,充分发挥出农业社会化服务的福利效应。     

蔬菜种植户农药使用行为研究——以河北省为例

以河北省蔬菜种植户的调查数据为依据,借助计量分析工具对河北省蔬菜种植户施药行为进行了实证研究。结果表明:近半数的蔬菜种植户在农药使用方面存在不当行为,而种植户现有蔬菜种植面积、经营类型、新技术采纳的频次、种植经验、对农药污染的关注程度和这种行为的产生存在着直接的关系。     

Milk Consumption Behavior of Adults

Milk consumption behavior of adults between the ages of 25-49 were investigated using a telephone survey. It was found that the bulk of milk was drunk by a relatively small portion of the respondents and consumption decreased with increasing age. Plain milk was consumed at home principally in the evening and almost always cold. Attitudes towards plain and flavored milk consumption are reported.     

QuEChERS-GC法测定白菜中3种有机磷农药残留量

实验选用QuEChERS法对样品进行提取、净化、浓缩集成前处理,应用气相色谱法对白菜样品中3种有机磷(敌百虫、二嗪磷、水胺硫磷)农药残留进行定量分析.测定结果表明,3种有机磷农药成分含量在0.005～0.200 mg·kg-1范围有良好线性关系,相关系数r为0.9992～0.9994,RSD为1.2％～3.8％,检出限为0.004～0.006 mg·kg-1,加标回收率为87.4％～115.5％,均符合《实验室质量控制规范食品理化检测》(GB/T 27404—2008)要求.     

无公害蔬菜生产者农药使用行为研究——以南京为例

利用实证研究的方法,以南京市181个无公害蔬菜生产者的调查数据为依据,对生产者农药使用行为进行了计量经济分析.研究结果表明:部分无公害蔬菜生产者没有按照无公害生产标准进行生产.生产者的耕地面积、主要收入来源、对食品安全的担心、对违反标准生产处罚的了解程度是影响生产者农药使用行为的主要因素.     

中日茶叶农药残留标准的贸易效应实证分析

为研究日本技术性贸易壁垒对中国茶叶出口的影响,文章整理汇总了日本和中国1992年以来有关茶叶的农药残留限量标准,据此在计量模型中建立了包含中日标准差异和日本茶叶农残修订严格程度的变量进行实证分析。结果表明,日本日趋严格的农药残留标准与中国对日茶叶出口呈负相关关系,但影响并不显著;技术性贸易壁垒在长期中有利于促进技术进步,进而对中国茶叶出口贸易具有正面效应。     

食品工程专业的农药残留分析实验

将现代分析技术与食品专业的食品分析与检验、食品质量与安全等课程相结合,开发大型分析测试仪器用于农药残留分析的食品专业实验,并介绍了饮用水、果酒、果蔬等食品中农药残留的GC-MS检测实验内容与方法。     

城镇化对农药、化肥施用强度的影响——基于中介效应的分析

目的 探讨城镇化对农药、化肥施用强度的影响及其作用机制。方法 文章基于文献梳理，归纳城镇化对农药、化肥施用强度的影响机理；利用2000—2018年河南省106个县的面板数据，分别探讨城镇化对农药施用强度和化肥施用强度的影响；通过分析农地经营规模与居民收入水平的中介效应，探索其影响机制。结果 （1）城镇化对农药、化肥施用强度均具有显著的负向影响；（2）城镇化的农地规模效应显著，城镇化有利于扩大农地经营规模，从而有利于降低农药、化肥施用强度；（3）城镇化的收入效应显著，居民收入水平对农药、化肥施用强度的影响呈“倒U型”变化趋势，超过1/3的县已跨过农药施用强度的拐点，全部县均已跨过化肥施用强度的拐点；（4）城镇化对农药、化肥施用强度较低的县的影响更大。结论 适度推进新型城镇化建设有利于促进农药、化肥减量；鼓励农地适度规模经营，可以充分发挥城镇化的农地规模效应，降低农药、化肥施用强度；持续增加居民收入，同时促进居民选择环境友好型食物、减少食物浪费，可以从需求侧助推农药、化肥减量。     

Measuring pesticide overuse and its determinants: Evidence from Vietnamese rice and fruit farms

Pesticides have long been important for the development of agricultural production. However, improper use of pesticides may result in inefficiency with respect to farm profitability, in addition to external effects of pesticide use on environmental and human health. This paper employs a production function that explicitly accounts for the role of damage abatement inputs (i.e. pesticides) in the production process, to examine the optimal use of pesticides. It then investigates determinants of pesticide overuse versus underuse and the intensity of overuse. The empirical application uses data on Vietnamese rice and fruit farms drawn from the 2016 Vietnamese Household Living Standards Survey. Results show about 95% of farmers overused pesticides for both rice and fruit farming systems. The Mekong Delta, also known as the ‘Rice Bowl’ of Vietnam, has higher levels of overuse on rice farms than two other regions. Overuse intensity is lower for female and poorer rice farmers while intensity is higher for those with more income and more family members. For fruit farms, younger farmers or those with more family members were more likely to overuse versus underuse pesticides.     

Impact of information and communication technologies on fertilizer and pesticide use efficiency of China's grain production

Based on a panel data from National Rural Fixed Point Survey (NRFP), this study explored the effects of information and communication technologies (ICTs) on the fertilizer and pesticide use efficiency of China's grain production and the mechanisms using stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) and two-way fixed-effects model with two-stage least square (2SLS) estimation. The results show that the average fertilizer use efficiency (FE), pesticide use efficiency (PE) and comprehensive fertilizer and pesticide use efficiency (CFPE) of grain production were 0.286, 0.404, and 0.364 respectively during 2003–2011. It should be noted that the CFPE decreased by 48.39% during 2003–2011 and showed a descending trend in all regions. ICTs had significant positive effects on FE, PE, and CPFE which could be explained by providing farmers more sustainable knowledge and hence shifting farming practices from overusing fertilizer towards using farmyard manure as a substitute. ICTs' positive effects were more pronounced for farmers with higher-level education and in central region. Additionally, ICTs had significant spillover effects, extending from users to nonusers within the villages. These results suggest that ICTs could be considered as an effective way to increase the fertilizer and pesticide use efficiency and promote the sustainable development of agriculture in China.