关于碳排放权交易立法的若干思考

目前国家层面尚无规范碳排放交易的法律法规,推动地方碳排放交易试点需要立法先行。首先需要解决碳排放总量控制、减排义务设置、配额交易法定化等问题。应该大胆借鉴吸收国外经验,结合国情和本地区特点,针对额度分配、碳排放量评价、市场中介和买卖等行为,制定行之有效的制度和交易规则。     

应对气候变化 构建全球企业公民身份──跨国车企可持续发展报告比较研究及启示

本文利用评论式话语分析方法对欧、美、日3家跨国车企的可持续发展报告进行比较研究。研究发现在气候变化问题上对全球企业公民身份进行构建的一些同型主题,研究认为跨国车企在这些同型主题上的表述差异体现了不同国家文化及制度背景对全球企业公民身份概念构建的影响,同时也体现了企业根据自身战略定位争取行为合法化的努力。     

The Long Emergence of a Modern Insurance Industry in China

Abstract

From 1949 through 1979, China had no insurance industry, as the state self-insured. Government policy was cautious and growth slow for the next 15 years, but since the early 1990s the pace of policy change has accelerated and the industry has grown at more than twice the gross domestic product. Nevertheless, the industry's development and market penetration, particularly in general insurance, remains extremely low by international standards, and continues to be retarded by a mix of forces. This paper examines the drivers for and against the long emergence of China's insurance industry, followed by a projection of the future development of the industry in China.     

HRM系统驱动员工知识共享行为的中介机理

基于302名员工的调查数据,采用层级回归模型检验了承诺型人力资源管理系统对员工知识共享行为影响的中介机理。结果发现:员工之间的关系氛围在员工感知的承诺型人力资源管理系统与员工的知识共享行为间发挥显著的正向中介作用,组织对员工知识共享的承诺在二者间发挥弱显著的正向中介作用;员工的知识共享动机在组织对员工知识共享的承诺与员工的知识共享行为间发挥弱显著的负向中介作用。     

1961—2020年宁夏地区极端气候变化趋势及影响因素分析

目的 探明极端气候指数的时空变化特征,明确极端气候变化的影响因素。方法 文章基于1961—2020年宁夏19个气象站点的逐日平均气温、最高气温、最低气温和降水量等数据,采用国际气候诊断与指数小组（ETCDD－MI）定义的极端气候指数,运用线性趋势法、克里金插值法、小波分析等方法,明确宁夏极端气候变化趋势,并探讨人类活动与极端气温变化的关系。结果 （1）宁夏的极端气温指数中,暖夜、夏日日数、持续暖期日数和年最大日最高气温均呈现上升趋势;霜冻日数、冷昼、持续冷日日数均呈现下降趋势,年最大日最低气温呈上升趋势。（2）在空间分布上,暖夜、夏日日数、连续暖期日数和年最大日最高气温的变化率在引黄灌区变化率较大,指数均呈现上升趋势,霜冻日数、冷昼、连续冷期日数在全区均呈现下降趋势,引黄灌区和中部干旱区下降趋势变动较为明显。（3）极端高温指数的变化率在北部引黄灌区较高,全区呈现出升温态势。（4）宁夏4个极端降水指标变化并不显著,但区域间年际变化差异较大,南部山区大部分地区极端降水指数变化率较高且呈正向变化,而北部引黄灌区降水年际变化率远低于南部山区且降水趋于减少。（5）1987—1992年极端高温指数和极端低温指数存在显著共振周期,极端高温指数上升领先极端低温指数。（6）极端气温影响因素分析发现,人口的增长、能源消费碳排放量的增加、城市化率的上升和建筑面积的增加,与月最高温日值都存在线性相关关系,反映出随着人类活动的增加,极端高温指数也存在一定程度的正向关系。结论 极端气候变化特征表明,宁夏地区高温事件增加,低温事件减少,极端降水年际波动幅度较大,地区差异显著,并且人类活动可能与极端气候变化存在相应关系。     

“一带一路”典型区土地利用变化热点区判别与其影响因素

目的 土地利用与覆盖变化是监测区域变化的重要方法,而发生剧烈变化的热点区域更是研究的重要部分,有效识别热点区并分析其影响因素可以为保护土地生态环境、有效利用土地资源提供科学支撑。方法 文章利用欧洲航天局（ESA）气候变化倡议的长期时间序列土地覆盖数据集（CCI-LC）对“一带一路”典型区土地利用与覆盖变化进行分析,根据变化面积、相对变化速率及其聚集程度建立了热点区域的识别方法,并分析了影响因素。结果 （1）根据土地覆盖变化结果表明,1992—2020年“一带一路”典型区内总共有5.46%的面积发生了变化,建设用地净增加面积最多,为24.61万km²,相对变化速率在2000—2010年最高,为76.94%。（2）热点识别结果表明,2000—2010年土地覆盖变化最剧烈,不同时期的热点区域内主要的转型特征不同,1992—2000年主要表现为耕地的增加,2000—2010年主要表现为林地和建设用地面积扩张,2010—2020年主要表现为建设用地面积增多和林地的砍伐与恢复。（3）热点区域集中分布在0~200m的海拔范围内,热点区域内的像元数量随海拔升高不断减少。（4）热带多雨气候区域内热点占比最大,而其他气候类型对热点区域内的像元数量的影响较小。（5）社会经济因素对于热点区域内的像元数量有着显著的影响,其中城市人口数量和国内生产总值最重要,两者结合可以解释全部热点的86.46%。结论 研究探明的热点区域和影响因素可以为“一带一路”典型区土地利用格局演变、区域土地利用规划和土地资源可持续利用提供决策支持。     

Introverts abroad? Long-term visitors' adaptations to the multicultural tourism context of Costa Blanca,Spain

Many people from North-Western Europe have quite long stays in Mediterranean Spain, partly related to phenomena such as ‘wintering’, seasonal movements and sabbatical holidays, for the most part dwelling in their own houses or apartments. This paper explores intercultural relations of long-term visitors and it raises some questions on differentiation and dedifferentiation in the consolidated holidaymaking context of Costa Blanca (Alicante, Spain). The paper includes visitors' assessments of certain central aspects of their (temporary) life in Spain, based on an exit survey. It is revealed that long-term visitors have far more varied and wide-ranging adjustments to their new and/or temporary surroundings than is usually assumed in news media and in some previous scholarly works. The study also demonstrates that generalised views depicting long-term visitors as secluded and living predominantly in compatriot enclaves are too simple, especially in long-established holiday destination areas. A considerable proportion of long-term visitors make an effort to relate to the language, culture, and social conditions of the host society. It is argued that a more nuanced and complex analysis is needed in order to describe the varied life situations of sojourners and other long-term visitors in Mediterranean Spain.     

The perceived risks of local climate change in Queenstown,New Zealand

Place-embedded, resource-dependent industries are increasingly vulnerable to the effects of climate change. The scientific framing of these risks can be understood through modelling; however, risks are perceived by non-scientific communities in more culturally relevant and localised frames. This empirical study utilised qualitative, semi-structured interviews with four stakeholder groups connected to the ski industry in Queenstown, New Zealand. The objectives of this research were to identify current scientific knowledge on climate change risks to Queenstown's ski industry and to critically address how the risk of climate change is perceived. This paper reports three main findings: (1) scientific reporting and expert interviews expect climate change to manifest as inter-annual variability up to the 2050s, (2) current climatic variability is perceived to be the greatest risk to the ski industry at present and (3) climate change is perceived to be distant and a greater threat to other people and other places giving rise to ‘optimistic bias’.     

Tourism development and behavioural changes: evidences from Ratanakiri province,Kingdom of Cambodia

This research paper presents the findings of a research undertaken in Ratanakiri province, Kingdom of Cambodia (Under the RETA 6190 ADB TA project on ‘Preventing the Trafficking of Women and Children and Promoting Safe Migration in the GMS’), with the aim to evaluate the impact of an airport rehabilitation project. It highlights the role that infrastructure development, with a focus on tourism-related projects, can play in a remote rural area and its consequences on local population, especially ethnic minorities. For remote areas, tourism is considered as an accelerating influence on globalisation and in-migration, which, in turn, are seen as the main factors affecting remote local communities to modify behaviours changing from valuing utility to valuing exchange. The rapidity of these cultural changes increase rural depopulation and the vulnerability of human beings to a range of negative situational factors, including loss of land, erosion of community structures and coping mechanisms, and as well as exploitative practices such as debt bondage, prostitution and human trafficking.     

Festival tourism and production of locality in a small Slovenian town

The article investigates the conditions which contributed to the Slovenian town of Tolmin becoming a ‘festival town’. On the basis of a study of a palette of festivals, the distinction is made between festivals which originate outside the area, are designed to make a profit and therefore involve large numbers, and festivals with a background in locality (in reference to Arjun Appadurai, ‘locality’ is here primarily understood in connection to identification). The article argues that the two festival concepts both contribute to the production of locality, but in different ways.