Investigation of the “China effect” on crowding out of Japanese FDI: An industry-level analysis (1990–2004)

This paper applies a dynamic panel model to investigate whether China is crowding out Japanese foreign direct investment (FDI) from other economies of Asia. We examined this with industry-level data on Japanese FDI flows into Asian economies. In order to deal with possible problems of serial correlation and endogeneity, we estimated coefficients using a difference and system generalized method of moments to examine the “China effect” on industries. We found a significantly high degree of crowding out effect by China on its Asian counterparts. Among twelve industries, a crowding out effect was found in nine industries, including electrical &; electronics—the biggest industry for Japanese FDI. However, a complementary effect was found in two industries, one of them being transport, which is the second biggest industry for Japanese FDI. We conclude that while China's rise is a prominent threat for the region, it could be transformed into an opportunity in vertically fragmented industries.     

Impact of land fragmentation and resource ownership on productivity and efficiency: The case of rice producers in Bangladesh

The paper analyzes the impact of land fragmentation and ownership of resources on productivity and technical efficiency in rice production in Bangladesh using farm level survey data. Results reveal that land fragmentation has a significant detrimental effect on productivity and efficiency as expected. The elasticity estimates of land fragmentation reveal that a 1% increase in land fragmentation reduces rice output by 0.05% and efficiency by 0.03%. On the other hand, ownership of key resources (land, family labour, and draft animals) significantly increases efficiency. The mean elasticity estimates reveal that a 1% increase in family labour and owned draft animal improve technical efficiency by 0.04% and 0.03%, respectively. Also, a 1% increase in the adoption of modern technology improves efficiency by 0.04%. The mean technical efficiency in rice production is estimated at 0.91 indicating little scope to improve rice production per se using existing varieties. Policy implications include addressing structural causes of land fragmentation (e.g., law of inheritance and political economy of agrarian structure), building of physical capital (e.g., land and livestock resources), improvements in extension services and adoption of modern rice technology.     

国际生产分割视角下的中国双边贸易平衡--以东亚经济体为例

为了解释中国近年来对东亚经济体贸易逆差持续地增加的现象,文章在国际生产分割背景下,分别基于总体、国家（地区）和行业视角,对1992—2012年中国与东亚8个经济体间的零部件贸易面板数据进行实证分析。结果表明：中国作为东亚国际生产网络中的枢纽,从日韩等东亚经济体进口零部件会显著扩大中国对东亚经济体的贸易逆差,其中以ICT行业最为典型;生产分割效应弱化了汇率对双边贸易平衡的影响。只要中国在国际生产分割中所扮演的角色不变,中国对外贸易总体顺差和区域性逆差的局面将会持续存在。     

浅丘低丘地貌背景下耕地细碎化评价及分区研究

目的 浅丘低丘是西南地区重要的地貌类型,探索其背景下耕地细碎化特征并进行分区整治有助于地区农业实现规模经营,助力乡村振兴。方法 文章从村域尺度选择重庆市垫江县某村作为研究区,以地块为评价单元,选择3个自然细碎化指标和3个权属细碎化指标,通过熵权法计算指标权重,综合指数法测算得每个地块自然细碎化指数和权属细碎化指数,并通过四象限法得到该区域不同的细碎化耦合类型。结果 （1）研究区自然主导细碎化以中等得分（53.41~64.20）为主,权属主导细碎化以较高得分（66.61~77.40）为主,权属主导细碎化程度更高。（2）自然细碎化程度极高和较高的区域主要集中在岭的四周和谷的边缘,程度与坡度正相关;而权属细碎化程度在空间上的分布相互间杂,全面发育。（3）四象限划分结果分别为高自然细碎化高权属细碎化、低自然细碎化高权属细碎化、高自然细碎化低权属细碎化、低自然细碎化低权属细碎化,其占比依次为31%、32%、17%和20%。（4）在村域范围内进行耕地细碎化整治时,土地整治工程和权属调整都应结合细碎化的组合类型因地制宜,尤其是权属调整方面,可创设性地将自然细碎化高的区域（高自然细碎化高权属细碎化和高自然细碎化低权属细碎化）和自然细碎化低的区域（低自然细碎化高权属细碎化和低自然细碎化低权属细碎化）分别流转给不同类型的经营者,让其分别进行专业化经营。结论 浅丘低丘地貌背景下耕地细碎化以权属细碎化为主导,整治时应分不同耦合类型因地制宜进行土地整治和权属调整。     

Expansion of EU's Free Trade Agreements into Asian Countries and Its Impact on the Chinese Economy

Abstract

This study investigates the macroeconomic impact of EU's free trade agreements with Asian countries and the US on the Chinese economy. In addition we examine the impacts on the Chinese industry output based on the framework of production network and production fragmentation. The expansion of the EU's economic reach toward ASEAN and Japan through free trade agreement will generate a positive macroeconomic effect on negotiation participants while it generates a negative effect on the Chinese economy: Some portions of existing trade and foreign direct investment will be shifted to partner countries from non-partner countries. However, according to a sectorial analysis, EU's free trade agreements with three countries result in a positive impact on China's electronics and machinery industry, because China's industry is linked to the production fragmentation and foreign affiliates play a crucial role.     

农村居民点综合破碎度评价及影响因素探测*——以山东日照市为例

[目的]尝试借鉴景观格局的研究思路,对农村居民点破碎化程度进行评价及其影响因素分析,为当前"新农村建设"中合理进行土地整治提供辅助依据。[方法]充分考虑农村居民点的规模、形状和分布特征,构建了乡镇尺度上的农村居民点综合破碎度评价模型,并利用多元回归模型对其影响因素进行了分析,提出了居民点整理模式的针对性建议。[结果]以沿海平原地区——山东日照为例的研究结果表明:(1)农村居民点破碎度综合指数(FCI)能够较好地反映沿海平原地区农村居民点的空间分异特征;沿海地区FCI大于内陆地区,形成了"阶梯状"的空间分布格局。(2)多元回归模型可以较为准确地探测出破碎度影响因素;研究区FCI的显著影响因素包括距海岸线的距离、距县城的距离、坡度、道路密度等。[结论]通过分析不同等级破碎度的分布特征及其影响因素,可以为各地政府因地制宜开展土地整治、城乡协调发展和新农村建设的土地利用决策提供参考依据。     

Measuring Barriers to International Division of Labor in East Asia*

International fragmentation has developed dramatically in East Asia since the 1990s. The purpose of the present paper is to measure border barriers in transactions of intermediate goods in East Asian countries. We find that the barriers in each country have steadily declined since 1985. The barriers in China and Taiwan have declined remarkably since the 1980s, whereas those in Indonesia experienced a slight increase in the 1980s. These results are qualitatively unchanged even if we control the effect of agglomeration on intra‐national inputs.     

参与生产分割对中国工业价值链及收入的影响研究

生产分割对一国价值链的提升和收入增长具有重要的促进作用,本文考察了参与生产国际分割对中国35个工业行业的价值链水平、收入增长以及投入要素的报酬收入的影响。结果表明:生产分割与贸易出口等指标对因变量具有显著效果,生产分割对技术部门的价值链促进作用所引起的差距比资本部门明显,生产分割使得技术部门、资本部门的收入增长差距均加大,另外生产分割也促进了高密集度资本投入要素的报酬收入增长,同时还拉开了高技术与低技术劳动力投入要素的报酬收入增长之间的差距。     

土地细碎化和土地质量是否影响小麦技术效率*——基于山东省小麦种植户的实证分析

［目的］小麦是我国重要的口粮之一，提高小麦的技术效率对于保障粮食安全具有重要的战略意义。在测算小麦技术效率的基础上，找出影响小麦技术效率的关键因素，为保障国家口粮安全提供参考。［方法］基于调研数据，运用超越对数生产函数以及一步随机前沿分析方法，构建计量模型分析土地细碎化和土地质量对小麦技术效率的影响。［结果］全部样本的技术效率差距较大，规模经营农户的技术效率高于小农户，农户技术效率最高的种植面积为67~333hm2，代表小麦种植的适宜规模。从技术效率的影响因素来看，土地细碎化程度和土地质量都对小麦生产的技术效率产生显著影响。［结论］为了提高小麦的技术效率，应该发展多种形式适度规模经营，鼓励创新土地流转形式，提高农业机械化水平； 深入开展土地质量调查，因地制宜地选择土地修复路径； 实行精准补贴，切实保护农民的利益。     

Evaluating the impact of land fragmentation on the cost of agricultural operation in the southwest mountainous areas of China

Given the background of the increasing opportunity cost of farming and the popularization of labour-saving technology, increased fragmentation has gradually become a key factor in the devaluation and abandonment of land assets. To systematically identify the costs of fragmentation, we use a series of indicators such as the number of plots, the Simpson index, the plot-homestead distance and the total minimum commuting time from the homestead to all plots to measure the extent of fragmentation. A translogcost function is developed and estimated using survey data from three periods, 2011, 2014 and 2017; the data include an effective sample of 1064 household-year observations involving 6599 plot-year observations in Chongqing, China. The extent of fragmentation in the mountains of southwest China is quite serious compared with that in other countries and regions. The Simpson index is 0.63, and on average, 6.06 mu (1 mu = 666.67 m² or 1 mu = 1/15 ha) of cultivated land is distributed in 6.16 plots, while the total minimum commuting time from the homestead to all plots is approximately 45 min. An increase of one standard deviation in the number of plots, the Simpson index or total minimum commuting time would lead to cost increases of 7.1 %, 15.1 % and 12.2 %, respectively, if other conditions remain unchanged. The channel for the above result involves the changes in the cost share of inputs caused by fragmentation, which increase the labour cost share and reduce the machinery cost share. There is an inverted U-shaped relationship between farm scale and production cost with an inflection point at 47 mu; that is, costs begin to decrease when the scale exceeds 47 mu. However, the average farm scale is currently only 6.06 mu. In addition, production costs can be significantly reduced by renting-in land and implementing land consolidation. To reduce land system-induced costs in mountainous areas, the government should rationally consolidate land to achieve moderate-scale management, reduce the transaction costs of land transfers and popularize machinery suitable for complex terrain.