A consumer-based model of competitive diffusion: the multiplicative effects of global and local network externalities

Competitive diffusion of two incompatible technologies, such as PC vs. Macintosh, VHS vs. Betamax and so on, is studied under the framework of a spatial game in which consumers are distributed on a two-dimensional square lattice network. The consumers play coordination-like games with their nearest neighbors and imitate the most successful strategy in their neighborhood in terms of aggregated payoffs after each round. The effects of global network externality are realized in the dynamic payoff matrix of the game, and the framework of spatial game provides the model with the effects of local network externality. These two types of externalities are set as multiplicative, that is, as nonlinear. Both simulations and mean-field approximation show that not only total but also partial standardization (robust polymorphic equilibrium) occurs depending upon the parameters and initial configurations, even when there are positive effects of both global and local network externalities. Moreover, effects of innovation factors that alter paths toward a lock-in situation are studied. It is shown that both the timing and the size of the innovation factors matter for a disadvantaged technology in order to overwhelm a market.JEL Classification: C7, D8, O3We are obliged to Professor John Paul Boyd at the University of California, Irvine and our anonymous referees for their constructive comments.     

我国权证市场风险控制及规范化研究

权证产品作为我国解决股权分置问题的有效方法,于2005年再一次走上了证券市场的舞台。本文首先分析了我国权证市场的现状,对权证存续期内每个环节的风险进行了分析,找出了各个环节的风险监控重点,最后对完善内地权证市场的风险监控机制提出了参考建议。     

基于制度创新的技术创新、IPR和标准化研究

由于技术创新、标准化和IPR间的动态复杂性,三者间相互作用机制一直是学者关注的难点。基于制度创新视角,一方面,从横向维度研究了以技术选择定位的标准化制度对技术创新"双刃剑"的作用,也分析了以专利激励为中心的知识产权制度对技术创新的双向作用;另一方面,从制度创新的纵向维度探讨了两种制度的互补作用。     

需求方创新政策研究进展与未来展望

近年来,需求方创新政策在刺激需求、促进产业创新与升级中的作用日趋明显,已成为世界各国政府刺激创新的重要政策。然而,需求方创新政策在中国的理论与实践中尚未引起足够重视。鉴于此,在梳理需求方创新政策最新研究成果的基础上,归纳提炼了需求方创新政策内涵、分类与特征,重点对需求方创新政策选择依据、作用及挑战等国内外最新研究进展进行了深入分析,以期理清思路,为未来需求方创新政策理论和实践研究指明方向,为中国创新型国家建设提供参考。     

宽严相济刑事司法政策与法官的自由裁量权

宽严相济刑事政策的提出与构建社会主义和谐社会的执政理念有着密切的联系,其重点体现在“宽”上,即“可捕可不捕的不捕”、“可诉可不诉的不诉”、“可判可不判的不判”。因此,从宽严相济刑事政策的具体内容可以看出,宽严相济是我国现阶段刑事立法和刑事司法的一项基本政策,而且该政策主要是从司法中刑罚适用（即量刑）层面着眼,鲜明地强调宽严相济是刑事司法政策。文章正是以宽严相济刑事司法政策为视角论述其与法官在量刑上的自由裁量权的关系。     

分散的行动者与物联网技术标准化发展战略

行动者网络理论为战略性新兴产业技术标准化发展提供了一种有效的分析工具。研究表明：①战略性新兴产业技术标准化发展既是技术创新和政策支持等非人类行动者作用的结果,也是政府、企业和学研机构等人类行动者推动的结果;②技术标准化发展的不同阶段（技术研发期、联盟建设期、标准制定期、标准推广期）都需要核心行动者、主要行动者和共同行动者的互动与互联,以推动行动者网络规模不断扩大和优化发展;③核心行动者、主要行动者的承担者角色要随着技术标准化不同阶段的需求适时转换。     

实用有效双采接轨建立有海洋石油特色的标准体系

从中国海洋石油总公司的五个发展阶段,回顾了海洋石油标准化工作发展历程,总结了海洋石油标准应用的效果,展望了海洋石油标准化的前景,提出海洋石油标准化工作的主要体会有：从开始即引进国际标准,直接与国际接轨,注重实效,在构建体系表时,一切从公司实际需要出发,坚持“双采”方针和海洋石油特色。     

'Shopping Around' for Accounting Practices: The Financial Statement Presentation of French Groups

This article illustrates the progressive move away from traditional accounting practices through a study of the presentation of financial statements. Based on a sample of one hundred large French industrial and commercial groups over a ten-year period, and applying a logistic regression method, our survey confirms a trend among French companies, which are increasingly turning their backs on traditional national practices as regards the balance sheet format, the income statement format, the voluntary disclosure of a statement of changes in shareholders' equity and the cash flow statement format. This move towards 'alternative' practices is made possible by the flexibility of French regulation, and can probably be explained by the desire of French firms to attract more investment on international capital markets. However, this trend shows no signs of a clear orientation towards any particular accounting model (IAS, U.S. or U.K.). The behaviour of the French firms observed in our study can be considered as a kind of 'shopping around' for accounting practices.     

“Lock-in” vs. “critical masses” — Industrial change under network externalities

Where increasing returns to adoption play a role in the diffusion of a new technology, technological “lock-in” is now often claimed to occur. However, this result, and the modeling approach that produces it, are problematic. Further innovations could never have a chance of disseminating, if “lock-in” had occurred in the diffusion process of earlier innovations. Yet, in reality, industrial change does not come to a halt. The paper offers a discussion of the apparent paradox. From an alternative modeling approach conditions are derived under which a newly introduced technology can successfully disseminate in the market despite existing network externalities.     

技术标准化提升产业国际竞争力的实证研究

利用拓展的波特钻石模型分析技术标准化对产业国际竞争力的影响机理;选取2000~2011年十大行业的面板数据,考量技术标准化与产业国际竞争力的关系及作用。结果发现,行业标准化水平、标准对外开放水平以及外资参与标准化水平对产业国际竞争力的提升存在显著的正向影响,且标准对外开放水平的作用存在一定的时滞效应。