ISO／TC193标准化工作的回顾与展望

介绍了国际标准化组织天然气技术委员会(ISO/TC193)的成立背景,10年来该组织机构变化状况,以及标准化工作的发展动向.同时,对我国天然气工业的“采标”工作提出了一些看法.     

从繁复向简单回归:全球金融衍生品市场发展展望

金融危机之后,全球金融衍生品市场经历了下调到反弹的过程。场内市场交易量的放大、买卖价差的收窄,以及OTC市场的未偿付合约名义价值等指标都表明了这一走势。同时,金融衍生品市场也将呈现结构性分化:一是基础性衍生品将成为未来一段时期衍生品发展的主流;二是结构简单、标准化程度高的单一卖方CDS将受欢迎;三是亚太地区金融衍生品市场表现出巨大的潜力。最后,中央交易机制的建立和合约标准化的加强都将成为金融衍生品监管的趋势。     

后金融危机时代场外衍生品市场监管改革趋势

金融危机暴露出全球场外衍生品市场监管体制的缺陷。金融危机后,全球加强了场外衍生品市场立法和监管体制改革。从全球主要国家、经济体、国际组织提出的改革措施看,场外衍生品市场立法和监管制度改革呈现出以下趋势：提高场外衍生产品的标准化程度、提高市场透明度、推动集中清算、加强非集中清算交易者的风险管理、发挥资本金的作用、加强国际监管合作等。     

分散的行动者与物联网技术标准化发展战略

行动者网络理论为战略性新兴产业技术标准化发展提供了一种有效的分析工具。研究表明：①战略性新兴产业技术标准化发展既是技术创新和政策支持等非人类行动者作用的结果,也是政府、企业和学研机构等人类行动者推动的结果;②技术标准化发展的不同阶段（技术研发期、联盟建设期、标准制定期、标准推广期）都需要核心行动者、主要行动者和共同行动者的互动与互联,以推动行动者网络规模不断扩大和优化发展;③核心行动者、主要行动者的承担者角色要随着技术标准化不同阶段的需求适时转换。     

需求方创新政策研究进展与未来展望

近年来,需求方创新政策在刺激需求、促进产业创新与升级中的作用日趋明显,已成为世界各国政府刺激创新的重要政策。然而,需求方创新政策在中国的理论与实践中尚未引起足够重视。鉴于此,在梳理需求方创新政策最新研究成果的基础上,归纳提炼了需求方创新政策内涵、分类与特征,重点对需求方创新政策选择依据、作用及挑战等国内外最新研究进展进行了深入分析,以期理清思路,为未来需求方创新政策理论和实践研究指明方向,为中国创新型国家建设提供参考。     

基于制度创新的技术创新、IPR和标准化研究

由于技术创新、标准化和IPR间的动态复杂性,三者间相互作用机制一直是学者关注的难点。基于制度创新视角,一方面,从横向维度研究了以技术选择定位的标准化制度对技术创新"双刃剑"的作用,也分析了以专利激励为中心的知识产权制度对技术创新的双向作用;另一方面,从制度创新的纵向维度探讨了两种制度的互补作用。     

宽严相济刑事司法政策与法官的自由裁量权

宽严相济刑事政策的提出与构建社会主义和谐社会的执政理念有着密切的联系,其重点体现在“宽”上,即“可捕可不捕的不捕”、“可诉可不诉的不诉”、“可判可不判的不判”。因此,从宽严相济刑事政策的具体内容可以看出,宽严相济是我国现阶段刑事立法和刑事司法的一项基本政策,而且该政策主要是从司法中刑罚适用（即量刑）层面着眼,鲜明地强调宽严相济是刑事司法政策。文章正是以宽严相济刑事司法政策为视角论述其与法官在量刑上的自由裁量权的关系。     

Coopetition,standardization and general purpose technologies: A framework and an application

We argue that coopetition and standardization are important dimensions in the analysis of general-purpose technologies (GPT). We synthesize ideas from GPT, standardization, and coopetition literatures and introduce a framework for empirical analysis of GPTs that are enabled by standards development and related coopetition. We apply this framework and analyze the role of coopetition in standardization of wireless cellular technology, which has been recently discussed as a GPT. We document that coopetition and standardization have been associated with increasing improvement, innovation spawning, and pervasiveness—the characteristics of GPTs—in the context of wireless cellular technology. The perspective of standardization and coopetition could shed further light on the technological progress and evolution related to emerging GPT candidates, such as artificial intelligence and blockchain.     

Declared essential patents and average total R&D expenditures per patent family

The sharp increase in SEP declarations and declaring firms emphasizes the necessity for understanding firms’ innovation investment behavior in standardization. This paper empirically investigates whether declared standard-essential patents (SEPs) and the declaring firm’s business model (operationalized as a firm’s location in the value chain) are associated with a firm’s innovation investment behavior. To this end, we measure firms’ innovation investment behavior through average total research and development (R&D) expenditures per filed patent family for publicly listed firms from 1999 to 2018. Our sample mainly includes major SEP family declarants. We rely on a binary business model taxonomy differentiating upstream and downstream firms. Within that setting, total R&D expenditures rise with increasing fragmentation of declared SEP families, suggesting that firms adjust their R&D investments to declaration developments in standard-setting organizations (SSOs). We also show that upstream firms have significantly lower total R&D expenditures than downstream firms, which could indicate structural differences in their intellectual property (IP) and R&D management processes. Our results can help SSOs and regulators better understand firms’ innovation investment behavior.