Strategic complementarities and nested potential games

This paper reports that every finite game of strategic complementarities is a nested pseudo-potential game defined by Uno [Uno, H., 2007. Nested potential games. Economics Bulletin 3(17), 1–8] if the action set of each player is one-dimensional, except possibly for one player.     

Reformulating Environmentally Constrained Traffic Equilibrium via a Smooth Gap Function

Various government laws have recently been enacted to alleviate the environmental deterioration of transportation systems. Environmental constraint is a valid means to explicitly reflect various environmental protection requirements imposed by the government. In this paper, we examine the environmentally constrained traffic equilibrium problem (EC-TEP), which is a fundamental tool for modeling and evaluating environmental protection requirements. Specifically, we provide an equivalent reformulation for the EC-TEP. The proposed reformulation adapts the concept of gap function to simultaneously reformulate the nonlinear complementarity conditions associated with the generalized user equilibrium conditions, environmental constraints, and conservation constraints as an equivalent unconstrained optimization problem. This gap function reformulation has two desirable features: (1) it can handle a general environmental constraint structure (linear or nonlinear; link-based or area-based) and a general link and route cost structure, enhancing the modeling adaptability and flexibility; (2) it is smooth and unconstrained, permitting a number of existing efficient algorithms for its solution. A gradient-based solution algorithm with a self-regulated averaging stepsize scheme is customized to solve the reformulated unconstrained optimization problem. Numerical examples are also provided to demonstrate the modeling flexibility of the proposed EC-TEP reformulation.     

国际资本流动对我国就业影响的均衡分析

文章通过建立一个劳动力市场与资本市场的均衡模型,对国际资本不流动与国际资本不完全自由流动两种情况下的分析表明,国际资本流动加剧了国内劳动力市场的就业风险,并且国际资本流动对就业水平影响与本国资本市场的开放度有关,增加开放度有利于提高本国的就业水平.我国应在采取有效措施减小国内劳动者就业波动的同时,逐渐提高资本市场的开放度.     

Stability induced by “no-quibbling”

We demonstrate the important consequence of one particular type of voter behavior: the “differentiation” (“no-quibbling”) constraint that alternatives too similar to the alternative which they might replace will not be considered. We find that imposition of a sufficient differentiation norm leads to stable outcomes of decision making in a spatial context. We also briefly consider the potential effects of other possible constraints on feasible choices, especially as these might synergistically interact with choices based on “no-quibbling.”     

Fallback Bargaining

Under fallback bargaining, bargainers begin by indicating their preference rankings over alternatives. They then fall back, in lockstep, to less and less preferred alternatives – starting with first choices, then adding second choices, and so on – until an alternative is found on which all bargainers agree. This common agreement, which becomes the outcome of the procedure, may be different if a decision rule other than unanimity is used. The outcome is always Pareto-optimal but need not be unique; if unanimity is used, it is at least middling in everybody's ranking. Fallback bargaining may not select a Condorcet alternative, or even the first choice of a majority of bargainers. However, it does maximize bargainers' minimum satisfaction. When bargainers are allowed to indicate impasse in their rankings – below which they would not descend because they prefer no agreement to any lower-level alternative – then impasse itself may become the outcome, foreclosing any agreement. The vulnerability of fallback bargaining to manipulation is analyzed in terms of both best responses and Nash equilibria. Although a bargainer can sometimes achieve a preferred outcome through an untruthful announcement, the risk of a mutually worst outcome in a Chicken-type game may well deter the bargainers from attempting to be exploitative, especially when information is incomplete. Fallback bargaining seems useful as a practicable procedure if a set of reasonable alternatives can be generated. It leapfrogs the give-and-take of conventional bargaining, which often bogs down in details, by finding a suitable settlement through the simultaneous consideration of all alternatives.     

论风景名胜区特许经营合同

风景名胜区特许经营合同属于行政合同，首先具有公法性，同时也兼具私法的特征，公法原理和部分私法原理均是其存在的法理基础。风景名胜区特许经营合同的基本内容必须体现它的法律性质，在强调公共利益至上的基础上，将公共利益与被特许人追求经济利益的权利相统一，依据经济利益平衡原则来确定合同双方的权利和义务。     

我国政府投资效应的CGE模型分析——基于“刘易斯”宏观闭合框架下的模拟

以往国内利用可计算一般均衡(CGE)模型进行实证研究的文献,大多是假设中国处在资本充足、充分就业的新古典主义宏观闭合框架下,忽视了我国目前处于二元经济的客观事实。本文基于中国现阶段的基本国情,建立了一个刘易斯宏观闭合下的CGE模型,并利用该方法模拟了2008年末我国启动的政府投资(1.18万亿)对经济各个方面产生的影响。模拟结果显示:政府投资将会在未来几年之内拉动实际GDP增长1.83%、提升总消费2.1%、社会总投资9.89%、进口额2.09%、出口额2.14%,同时将带来约1805万的新增就业机会。     

保险市场逆向选择的信号传递博弈研究

在保险市场中,投保人比保险人更了解自己的风险状况,保险双方之间的这种信息不对称难以避免地会产生逆向选择问题,于是在保险人混同定价的情形下,低风险投保人要承受过高的费率而受损,高风险投保人因保险成本过低而削弱控制风险的激励,导致整个市场资源配置低效甚至因逆向选择螺旋而崩溃。通过引入信号传递机制来实现保险市场的分离定价,从...     

证券市场均衡理论及其对我国市场的启示

证券市场均衡理论说明证券市场是在以市场制度为依托,市场机制充分发挥作用,经济当事人具有贝叶斯理性并能无障碍获得市场信息条件下,才能实现的均衡状态。我国证券市场是在计划经济向市场经济转轨中形成的,政府主导制度供给、干预证券市场运行。一方面政府行为直接推动了证券市场的发展,有利于证券市场服务于改革,服务于政策目标的实现;另一方面,由于政府行为也蕴含了与市场机制不相溶的因素,妨碍了证券市场功能的发挥。     

3PL参与下的存货质押融资协调与均衡策略

将第三方物流引入到具有随机需求的融资决策模型中,建立了一个包含融资企业、银行、第三方物流企业的质押融资模型。在成本加成定价法以及质押存储费用由银行与融资企业共同承担的条件下,运用经济博弈理论得出了该博弈的子博弈精炼纳什均衡解,并分析了质押存储费用的分配比例对质押融资决策模型收益的影响。结果表明,在随机需求条件下,银行承担的质押存储费用比例越高,融资决策模型中成员以及系统整体的收益也越高。