A Common Base Answer to the Question “Which Country Is Most Redistributive?”*

We believe that what most authors have in mind when referring to the “most redistributive country” is a tax and transfer schedule that is most redistributive across all pre-tax and transfer income distributions. In order to measure each country's tax and transfer redistribution according to the same baseline, we suggest using the transplant-and-compare method of Dardanoni and Lambert (2002, Journal of Public Economics 86, 99–122) to establish a common base. The redistributive effects of countries’ tax and transfer schedules are illustrated by employing microdata on eight countries from the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS). Of these eight countries, Finland is found to be the most redistributive country, according to the common base method.     

主题购物旅游发展条件与对策

购物在国际旅游收入中占据越来越大的份额,而我国目前旅游购物市场上商品单一,购物收入比例反而有所下降。但近年来,我国南方地区出现了依托本地特色产业集群的主题购物旅游的发展趋势,形成了许多主题购物旅游场所和多条购物旅游热点线路。针对这一现象,文章提出主题购物旅游概念与本质特征,指出主题购物旅游是依托特色产业集群发展起来的特种旅游之一。文章指出主题购物旅游具备产业集聚性、市场规模性、商品主题性和服务专业性四大特点,并深入研究了发展主题购物旅游的条件和对策。     

Is There a Win–Win Situation in Household Energy Policy?

To achieve environmental goals, most governments aim to reduce consumption of the most polluting energy goods by taxation. Often, the authorities not only aim to change the consumption of the regulated good by the taxation, but also to change the consumption of close substitutes (hereafter referred to as win–win effects). The size of the win–win effects depend not only on how close substitutes the goods are, but also on the price sensitivity of the taxed good and on the budget effects of the regulation. We use a conditional demand model to decompose the cross-price effect to discuss which criteria that must be fulfilled in order for substantial win–win effects to occur, using Norwegian stationary energy consumption as an empirical example.     

PPP水利工程供水价格机制研究

日渐突出的水资源供需不平衡,已成为中国经济社会可持续发展的重要制约因素。水价的杠杆作用是调节政府供水经营者用水户三方利益的重要手段,制定科学合理的水价有利于鼓励社会资本参与水利基础设施的建设,促进水资源优化配置和节约用水、保障用水户用水需求。在通过PPP物有所值评定测算的前提下,既充分考虑用水户的支付意愿和承受能力,又考虑供水经营者的成本补偿和合理收益,探究目前中国PPP模式下水利工程的水价核算情况。目前中国PPP模式下供水价格机制有所创新,但动态调整机制尚有不足。价格听证制度不断完善但公众参与程度仍需加强。     

农材信用社产权制度改革探讨

农村信用社的改革和发展要适应农村经济发展的不同水平，在产权制度的选择上可以采取不同的模式。目前的思路是：以县为单位统一法人，在此基础上因地制宜进行股份制、股份合作制和进一步完善合作制的产权制度改革。     

基于低碳理念的旅游规划设计研究——以福建省平潭岛为例

低碳经济自2003年提出以来,在世界范围内得到广泛认同。世界旅游组织（WTO）鼓励各国发展低碳排放的旅游。规划设计中,低碳旅游有别于传统旅游发展模式,其游道安排、景观建筑、能源支持、游客行为引导方面均有所创新。以福建省平潭岛为规划案例,从旅游交通、旅游住宅、旅游活动等方面阐述,说明了低碳旅游规划设计的要点。低碳化的旅游交通要求按照不同交通方式的适宜尺度,尽量使用环保的交通工具;建设低碳排放的旅游住宅;对旅游活动按照碳排放分类,鼓励开展低碳排放的旅游活动。通过这些方式,以期＂低碳＂发展理念在目前的旅游规划设计中得到重视。     

Energy Consumption for Space Heating: A Discrete–Continuous Approach

Energy demand for space heating is estimated using a discrete–continuous choice model which focuses on the relationship between the choice of heating equipment and energy consumption. The model is estimated on Norwegian micro data, and the two stages of the model are estimated simultaneously. The capital cost and the operating cost of the heating systems are both found to have a significant impact on the choice of heating system. Furthermore, the results show that household characteristics are important variables in residential energy models. Energy price elasticities and income elasticities are also estimated.