Public finance and the optimal speed of transition*

We develop a general equilibrium model that jointly considers the influence of capital accumulation constraints and of labour market frictions on the process of transition. We endogenize the economic and budgetary costs of different government policies and show that, early in transition, governments ought to subsidize state firms. Provided that intertemporal commitment is feasible, this policy limits the initial output fall, which relaxes capital accumulation constraints, accelerates transition, and increases welfare. Moreover, by resorting to indirect – instead of direct – taxes, governments can bring the path of transition closer to the first best. Yet, political pressures may induce a policy of suboptimal subsidization.     

钢板桩围堰在水位变动区和软弱地基中的应用

利用钢板桩作围堰,在水位变动区和软弱地基条件下,采取一定刚度的围护设施来满足深基坑的施工需要;成功地运用了一种既施工简便、节约材料又确保安全的围护结构。根据软土的特点和钢板桩的柔性特征,通过采用模拟基坑开挖过程,按照板桩墙围护结构的设计计算方法进行围堰设计,并通过实际施工中一定的控制措施和对围堰内力、变形监测,确保相邻建筑物和自身结构施工的安全。根据实际运用的效果监测表明,采用的钢板桩围堰,是可行而又较优的一种方案。     

关于高校会计电算化课程体系设置的思考

随着对企业现代化管理要求的不断提高,随着大众计算机知识的不断提高及财会软件开发技术的持续进展,这就要求高校会计电算化课程体系的设置必须适应上述发展的现实需要。本文论述了会计电算化的发展特点对高校会计电算化课程体系的影响,提出了高校会计电算化课程体系的设计思路。     

关于宏观调控若干问题的思考

宏观调控是一个中性概念。宏观调控本身就包含了限制与发展、紧缩与扩张、后退与前进几方面的内容。1992年正式提出向建立社会主义市场经济体制过渡以后，市场经济意义的宏观调控逐步走上历史舞台。从1993年到2003年，中国经济经过了紧缩性和扩张性两轮正相反的宏观调控。目前，中国经济进入新一轮的上升周期。此轮宏观调控转向“中性”政策。所谓“中性”政策，是相对于扩张性政策和紧缩性政策而言的，是一种有保有压、有紧有松、上下微调、松紧适度的政策。“软着陆”的经济含义是，国民经济的运行经过一段过度扩张以后，平稳地回落到适度增长区间。目前，中国的经济增长率和物价上涨率都在正常区间，所以整体上不存在所谓“软着陆”问题。     

我国软预算约束的治理:理论与政策

软预算约束对我国经济的危害甚大,探讨我国预算软约束的治理意义重大.本文认为,应当从下述四个方面来治理我国经济中普遍存在的软预算约束问题:(1)推进国有银企的市场化改革,消除政府干预;(2)建立分散化的银行体系,加强对银行体系的有效监控;(3)实行财政分权,加强地区经济之间的竞争;(4)规范政府经济行为,严格财政金融纪律.     

Drama theory and its relation to game theory. Part 2: Formal model of the resolution process

In a drama, characters' preferences and options change under the pressure of pre-play negotiations. Thus they undergo change and development. A formal model of dramatic transformation is presented that shows how the core of a drama is transformed by the interaction among the characters into a strict, strong equilibrium to which they all aspire. The process is seen to be driven by actors' reactions to various paradoxes of rationality.     

Drama theory and its relation to game theory. Part 1: Dramatic resolution vs. Rational solution

Drama theory differs from game theory in that it does not regard actors' preferences and perceived opportunities as fixed, but as capable of being changed by the actors themselves under the pressure of pre-play negotiations. Thus characters in a drama undergo change and development. A manyperson, multiphase theory of dramatic transformation is presented, showing how thecore of a drama (in the sense of game theory) is transformed by the interaction between the characters into a strict, strong equilibrium to which they all aspire. The process of dramatic transformation is shown to be driven by actors' reactions to various paradoxes of rationality; it is proved that when all these paradoxes have been overcome, a full dramatic resolution has been reached, satisfying actors' emotional and moral demands, as well as the demands of rationality.     

Environmental Analysis of Packaging for Soft Drinks Using the Life Cycle Assessment Methodology

The knowledge of a product＇s life cycle is the first step on the search of sustainable development. The life cycle assessment （LCA） is an important method because it allows an environment accounting, where the extraction of natural resources and energy of the nature are considered and the ＂returns＂ to the same one and allows in evaluating relative potential the environment impacts generated. The present work had as objective to make an analysis of material and energy flows of the life cycle of three types of packaging for soft drinks： glass bottles of 390 mL, aluminum cans of 350 mL, and bottles of PET of 2,000 mL. The study considered processes since the extraction of raw materials for production of the packaging until the stages of recycling, after the consumption of the soft drink. For the research, an inventory analysis followed the LCA methodology. The main critical points of generation of negative environmental impact during the life cycle of each packaging had been the identified and quantified data in this study. The consumption of natural resources like water and other raw materials and energy, the generation of atmospheric emissions, solid wastes and wastewaters had been the analyzed categories. The results showed that, in accordance with the scenes and defined variables, the most important conclusion was that the bottle of glass presented a less favorable scene to the environment in comparison with other packaging.     

四川秦巴山区绿色发展的软路径设计

作为自然资源、生态环境独具特色,发展潜力巨大的欠发达山区,绿色发展之路是四川秦巴山区实现健康科学发展的内在要求,是有效化解经济发展与环境资源矛盾的必然选择。山区绿色发展的软路径,是探寻"绿水青山就是金山银山"的绿色发展之路,主张人口、资源、环境互利共赢的可持续发展。从制度护山推动环境价值实现、市场塑山加强资源产业整合、教育固山促进人口素质提升3条层层递进的软路径出发,探析四川秦巴山区绿色发展之道。提出通过构建绿色制度体系、绿色产业格局、绿色教育模式,推动四川秦巴山区人口、资源、环境绿色协同发展。     

Will FinTech make regional banks superfluous for small firm finance? Observations from soft information-based lending in Germany

Regional banks have a competitive advantage in that short distances to clients enable the use of soft information for superior lending decisions. If the ambition of FinTech start-ups to create superior screening and monitoring technologies materialises, this advantage would be diminished and regional banks would become superfluous for small firm finance. To explore this claim, the paper in hand analyses qualitative empirical data about the lending processes and rating system use of regional German savings banks. In essence, the results from participant observation and interviews clarify the importance of “real” soft information for critical lending decisions. The context specificity and limited verifiability of “real” soft information hamper it from being hardened through the use of rating systems and other bank-ICT. Though FinTech's scoring technologies may overcome the first limitation, it appears likely that in the course of scoring development “real” soft information will be systematically crowded out due to the manipulation problem. The paper expects improved access to finance for SMEs if FinTech solutions overcome both limitations of “real” soft information use, or if peer-to-peer lending and regional banks coexist. Deteriorated access to finance is expected if FinTech companies displace the relationship banking of regional banks due to enhanced competition, without preserving the advantages of “real” soft information with superior screening and monitoring technologies. The paper concludes with recommendations on how to prevent deteriorated access to finance for small firms by promoting fair competition and FinTech innovations.