基于改进有监督局部线性嵌入的地震属性降维优化

为克服直接从地震资料中获取的地震属性具有维数高、数据量大、信息冗余、高度非线性,且数据样本缺乏先验知识分类等缺陷,用基于等价关系的模糊聚类方法对有监督局部线性嵌入算法进行改进,将其应用于地震属性的非线性降维优化,实例表明其地震属性降维优化效果优于常规线性降维方法,为地震资料解释处理、储层预测及物性参数反演提供了良好可靠的数据资料。     

苏里格地区SWJ区块气水特征及识别方法应用分析

鄂尔多斯苏里格气田SWJ区块储层横向变化大,且气水关系复杂,不同含气、含水砂体之间无统一的气水界面。实钻情况表明,主产层山1段含气性较好,盒8段普遍含水。该研究区块储层流体性质测井判别采用了深探测电阻率比较判别法、密度-中子孔隙度曲线重叠法、电阻率-孔隙度曲线综合直观判别法等多种判别方法,符合率均在80%以上。经过对比分析认为,电阻率-孔隙度曲线综合直观判别法与密度-中子孔隙度曲线重叠法在SWJ区块流体判别中符合率最高,适应性最好。     

基于ACRM辐射传输模型的植被叶面积指数遥感反演

研究应用ACRM冠层辐射传输模型和MODIS地表反射率数据反演了河北衡水地区3月初至5月初植被叶面积指数,并分析了其时空分布变化特征。研究时段为冬小麦返青期至成熟期,LAI反演结果与当地冬小麦时空分布特征较为吻合。研究结果显示,基于ACRM冠层辐射传输模型反演植被生化变量具有很大的应用潜力。     

二维盲小波算法在地震资料降噪中的应用

根据小波分析和盲信号分离原理,结合一维盲小波算法在降噪中的应用,构建新的二维盲小波算法在金属矿地震资料噪声降噪中的运用,该算法充分发挥了小波阈值去噪与盲分离去噪的优势。通过所构建的二维盲小波算法对实际的金属矿地震资料进行处理,与金属矿地震资料其他降噪方法作比较,发现二维盲小波算法在金属矿地震资料去噪结果明显,对噪声消除达到理想结果,有利于进行深部金属矿地震勘探。     

结合植被指数与作物高度反演冬小麦叶面积指数

[目的]叶面积指数LAI(Leaf Area Index)是反映作物长势的关键参数之一。目前,基于无人机影像进行LAI反演多注重影像光谱信息的应用,但是由于高分影像存在强烈的光谱异质性以及无法区分高密闭度植被垂直方向枝叶的光谱特征等不足,在反演作物LAI时,需要探讨作物高度等结构参数对LAI反演的影响。[方法]文章以冬小麦为例,将无人机影像的光谱信息与点云数据相结合,共同构建LAI反演模型,并与单利用光谱信息的一元线性LAI回归模型进行对比,探讨作物高度信息对LAI反演精度的影响。[结果](1)无人机影像获取的点云数据能有效反演作物高度,其决定系数R~2=0.61,均方根误差RMSE=0.02;(2)基于作物高度和植被指数Ⅵ(Vegetation Index)反演LAI的二元模型(Adjust R~2=0.38,Adjust RMSE=0.55)优于单用植被指数反演LAI的一元模型(Adjust R~2=0.29,Adjust RMSE=0.59),[结论]研究表明作物高度和光谱信息结合的反演模型能够提高作物LAI的反演精度,同时表明作物高度因子在LAI反演中具有重要的应用价值。     

浅议我国实物地质资料管理与社会化服务

实物地质资料与成果地质资料和原始地质资料一样,是地质工作成果的重要组成部分。在对实物地质资料管理与社会化服务基本认识的基础上,分析了我国实物地质资料管理现状与制约其社会化服务的问题,提出了加强我国实物地质资料管理与社会化服务的对策建议。     

广西甘蔗寒冻害空间反演模型研究

甘蔗寒冻害是蔗糖主产区主要气象灾害之一。大范围、严重的甘蔗寒冻害造成甘蔗产量和蔗糖分含量下降,给广大蔗农及企业带来巨大的经济损失。但受蔗区地形地貌复杂及气象观测台站分布稀疏等因素制约,寒冻害过程影响期间难以获取区域甘蔗实际受害信息,给甘蔗寒冻害过程监测、评估及防灾、减灾措施的实施带来了极大困难。为了实现及时、真实地反演甘蔗产区寒冻害程度,文章基于广西历年冬季寒冻害过程最低气温资料、地理信息数据以及EOS/MODIS卫星资料,采用多元回归法,分别构建基于地理信息、基于地理信息及下垫面信息耦合的最低气温空间推算模型,创建了逐年寒冻害过程最低气温格点数据库。并以2008年辐射型、2010年平流型寒冻害过程为例,将反演结果与实况进行比较,结果表明两种模型反演所得寒冻害空间分布状况均与自动站实况一致,两种模型对平流型寒冻害的模拟效果优于对辐射型寒冻害的模拟。     

分层土壤水分的遥感估算——以岷江上游毛儿盖地区为例

土壤水对于地球各层各种水分交换有着十分重要的意义。岷江上游地区地质地貌情况复杂,针对其特点,利用不同的植被指数与温度构造特征空间,比较分析后选用Ts-EVI空间建立的水分指数,反演适用于岷江上游典型地表的土壤含水量模型和地下土壤分层含水量模型。     

基于景观特征分析的神农架地质旅游问题研究

在阐述地质景观特征和地质旅游研究进展的基础上,对神农架地质景观旅游价值进行评估,分析神农架地质旅游景观空间分布特征,提出神农架地质旅游景观规划设计理念,策划出四条地质旅游专题线路。神农架地质景观旅游价值极高,在115个列入评估的地质景观中五级景点10个、四级景点41个、三级景点64个。神农架林区层面可分为地质旅游景观相对富集区和地质旅游景观相对稀疏区,在地质旅游景观相对富集区又可分为大九湖、神农顶、天燕、官门山、老君山五个地质旅游景观富集区并可进一步划分出地质旅游景观集聚区的核心区。     

GNSS信号估算大气可降雨系统原理及应用进展

目的 通过分析机器学习方法与传统方法各自的优势和缺陷,可以融合机器学习方法和传统方法各自的优势,有效克服经验模型的缺陷,同时提高降雨估算精度,增强了降雨预测的可靠性,从而预防自然灾害。方法 文章指出将人工智能等相关算法引入GNSS大气可降水量的反演过程成为了当前研究的重要方向,特别是将深度学习神经网络等模型运用到GNSS大气可降水量的探测实验中不仅能够提高实验运算效率及反演精度,还可以在一定程度上减少工作量。结果 根据系统组合的PPP模式实验数据显示运用北斗系统进行大气可降水量反演具有可行性,反演结果与探空数据有很好的一致性,且将机器学习方法运用到多系统组合的PPP模型的精度更高,能够为天气预测提供技术支撑。结论 通过对GNSS反演大气可降水量发展的分析,归纳了当前利用GNSS反演大气可降水量的研究方法,对GNSS的大气水汽含量反演从理论到技术应用进行了梳理。同时研发基于约束下的GPS系统和我国北斗卫星系统的联合大气水汽反演系统对于进一步推动GNSS技术在气象和农业方面的应用具有重要作用。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

土地学科的建设和发展——"土地学科发展规划研讨会"综述

中国土地科学学科发展已取得很大成就,表现为专业教育和人才培养成绩突出、初步形成学科体系、取得大批研究成果.而存在的问题主要是基础理论研究欠缺、独特的土地科学研究方法体系尚未形成、研究角度单一、学术交流质量不高和学科带头人的影响力不足.土地科学学科发展目前面临着巨大的机遇和挑战,应明确土地科学学科发展的基本思路、发展目标及2010-2020年的主要建设任务和保障措施.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Evaluating Alternative Policy Responses to Higher World Food Prices: The Case of Increasing Rice Prices in Madagascar

Higher world food prices have led many developing countries to adopt policies to mitigate the impact on low-income households. This article sets out a partial equilibrium framework to evaluate the efficiency, distributional, and revenue implications of alternative policy responses. The model is applied to evaluate tariff reductions and targeted transfers in Madagascar. Although lowering tariffs generates substantial efficiency gains, these accrue mainly to the top half of the welfare distribution, and poor net sellers are actually worse off. Developing a system of targeted direct transfers to poor households is likely to be a substantially more cost-effective approach to poverty alleviation.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。     

转变地质工作发展与服务方式的实践和建议

天津市地矿局注重加快转变经济发展方式,发挥地质工作优势,推进低碳清洁能源的开发利用创新和技术进步,紧紧依托地质工作的人才、技术和行业优势,加大清洁环保资源的勘查、研究、开发、利用。针对天津市水资源缺乏的情况,积极加强后备和应紧水源勘查。按照“两种资源,两个市场”的思路,通过实施中外合作勘查项目,以境外勘查工作为载体和平台,实施引进来和走出去战略,为天津市经济社会发展提供地质技术支撑。