中国-东盟农产品贸易持续逆差研究

本文阐述了中国对东盟农产品贸易现状,从不同角度对中国对东盟农产品贸易持续逆差现象及其原因进行了分析,并发现中国对东盟农产品贸易逆差呈总体扩大趋势。得出如下结论:首先,中国-东盟农产品贸易逆差总体呈上升趋势;其次,中国对东盟主要农产品贸易逆差国为马来西亚、印度尼西亚和泰国;再者,主要出口农产品形成的贸易逆差是构成中国对东盟农产品贸易逆差的主要原因之一;最后,中国农产品比较优势下降,东盟主要农产品贸易逆差国的农产品的比较优势较为明显也是引起贸易逆差的原因之一。     

海峡两岸农产品贸易增长的成因：基于CMS模型的实证分析

选取2002--2007年我国海峡两岸农产品的贸易数据,利用CMS模型,从农产品贸易总额和分类农产品贸易额两个层面对我国海峡两岸农产品贸易增长的原因进行实证分析。结果显示：祖国大陆对我国台湾地区出口农产品整体竞争力的显著提高是推动其对台湾地区出口增长的关键因素;结构交叉因素对祖国大陆对台湾地区农产品出口的影响由抑制变为促进;祖国大陆对台湾地区农产品进口需求的扩大则是台湾地区对祖国大陆出口农产品大幅增长的主要原因。     

Are virtual water “flows” in Spanish grain trade consistent with relative water scarcity?

Virtual water adds a new dimension to international trade, and brings along a new perspective about water scarcity and water resource management. Most virtual water literature has focused on quantifying virtual water “flows” and on its application to ensure water and food security. Nevertheless, the analysis of the potential gains from international trade, at least from a water resources perspective, needs to take into account both spatial and temporal variations of blue (groundwater and stream flow) and green (soil moisture) water, as well as the socioeconomic and policy conditions. This paper evaluates whether Spanish international trade with grains is consistent with relative water scarcity. For this purpose, the study estimates the volume and economic value of virtual water “flow” through international grain trade for the period 1997-2005, which includes 3 years with different rainfall levels. The calculations show that Spain is a net virtual water “importer” through international grain trade. The volume of net virtual water “imports” amounts to 3420, 4383 and 8415 million m³ in wet (1997), medium (1999) and dry (2005) years, respectively. Valuing blue water at its shadow price or scarcity value, blue water “exports” oscillate between 0.7 and 34.2 million Euros for a wet and dry year, respectively. Overall, grain trade is apparently consistent with relative water scarcity as net imports increase in dry years. However, the evolution of grain exports, expressed as a variation in quantity and volume, does not match the variations in resource scarcity. A disaggregated crop analysis reveals that there are other factors, such as quality, product specialization or the demand for a standardized product, which also influence trade decisions and are not included in the notion of virtual water. These facts, among others, can therefore create potential distortions in the application of virtual water to the analysis of specific trade patterns. Nevertheless, from a water resources perspective, virtual water can bring important insights across countries for improving water and land management globally, fostering adaptation strategies to climate change and to transboundary resource management.     

中国-东盟高技术行业垂直产业内贸易水平及特征研究

作者通过对中国-东盟的贸易结构及模式的研究,发现中国-东盟之间的贸易模式并不符合发展中国家的一般模式.2005年中国-东盟在HS1996,85类产品的垂直产业内贸易水平高达65%,这与垂直产业内贸易的理论也是不一致的.上述现象是跨国公司在全球范围内进行分工的结果.     

基于投入产出法的浙江省虚拟水贸易实证分析

基于"虚拟水"理论,利用2005年和2007年浙江省的投入产出表(延长表)和各产业部门的用水数据,采用投入产出分析法构建价值型-实物型水资源投入产出模型,计算并分析了2005年和2007年浙江省各产业部门的虚拟水贸易量。结果表明:浙江省通过商品贸易向他省和国外输出的虚拟水主要集中在纺织、缝纫及皮革产品制造业和机械设备制造业;通过商品贸易向省内输入的虚拟水集中在农业、化学工业、金属冶炼及加工制造业、采掘业和食品制造和烟草加工业;从虚拟水贸易结构来看,农业和重工业为净输入虚拟水贸易行业,轻工业为净输出虚拟水贸易行业。     

土地市场扭曲如何影响制造业出口产品质量升级 ——基于土地市场交易数据和制造业企业数据的实证分析

地方政府“以地谋发展”的策略在促进各地区制造业大规模集聚和出口贸易快速增长的同时,也势必会给企业出口产品质量带来深刻影响。本文综合利用中国土地市场网城市土地交易数据、中国工业企业数据、中国海关进出口产品数据和中国城市面板数据,实证检验了土地市场扭曲对企业出口产品质量升级的影响,并对其内在机制进行了探讨。研究发现：中国城市建设用地配置存在明显的工业偏向性,进而导致工业用地价格被低估,产生工业用地应得收益大于实际价格的反向扭曲问题。这种反向扭曲可通过抑制技术进步、阻碍产业结构高级化、弱化集聚经济效应等机制显著降低制造业企业出口产品质量。土地市场扭曲对企业出口产品质量升级的影响具有明显的异质性特征。具体而言,土地市场扭曲不利于一般贸易企业与混合贸易企业出口产品质量提升,但对加工贸易企业出口产品质量提升具有促进作用。土地市场扭曲对企业出口产品质量升级的抑制作用由东到西依次递增。土地市场扭曲不利于外资企业和国有企业出口产品质量提升,对集体企业及民营企业的影响不显著。     

Agricultural land loss in China’s urbanization process

1. IntroductionThe experience of developed countries confirmsthat urbanization is an inevitable and necessary coursein economic transition and development. Urbaniza-tion is developing fast in China, which is stepping upeconomic liberalization and industrialization. Highpopulation density and changeful life styles have beenseen as the predominant characteristics ofurbanization, accompanied with contracting greenbeltand peripheral rural land conversion. In 2003, Chinahad 660 municipalities, 283…     

Water trade in Andalusia. Virtual water: An alternative way to manage water use

The main idea of this paper is to analyse the relationships between the productive process and the commercial trade with water resources used by them. For that, the first goal is to find out, by means of the estimation of virtual water, the exported crops which have the highest water consumption. Similarly, we analyse the crops that are imported and therefore, might contribute to save water. The second objective is to put forward new ways to save water by means of the virtual water trade.This first conclusion contradicts not only the comparative advantages theory but also the environmental sustainability logic. The previous conclusion is derived from the great exports of water via potatoes and vegetables, and also via citrus fruit and orchards; and, on the other hand, from the imports, such as cereals and arable crops, with lower water requirements. The second conclusion affirms as Andalusia utilises large amounts of water in its exports, and in turn, it does not produce goods with low water requirements, the potential saving would be very significant if the terms of our trade were the other way round. We are convinced that the agricultural sector must modify the use of water to a great extent in order to reach significant water savings and an environmental sustainability path.     

Agricultural land loss in China''s urbanization process

In China, urbanization of agricultural land around city agglomerations increases rapidly. Rapid urbanization of agricultural land affects food supply, land value and ecological balance in the society. In China, the urban builtup area had increased by 40% from 1996 to 2003. This increase came predominantly from farmland surrounding the cities. How the ongoing urbanization of China affects its agricultural land is the focus of this paper. In current studies, we have found that population density; urbanization degree and personal income are key factors that influence the urbanization process. Based on this, relation model has been established and to predict the general trends of the urban area expansion in China in 2020. In 2020, the constructed urban area of China would be increased by 1.3 times compared with 2003. In 2020, this study anticipates the conversion of about 32, 562 sq. km. agricultural land of China for urban use.     

基于消费风险分担模型的中国——东盟金融合作程度的实证分析

自中国-东盟自由贸易区建成以来,中国与东盟的经贸联系日益加强,金融合作也取得了实质性的进展。本文运用衡量金融合作程度的主要方法——消费风险分担模型,对中国与东盟国家1999年-2010年的相关数据进行实证分析,得出中国与东盟金融合作程度较低,尤其是资本市场一体化程度尚处于初级阶段的结论,并对其成因进行解析,以期能够为进一步加强彼此合作提供参考。     

中国农产品国际贸易中虚拟土含量测算及其结构调整分析——基于粮食安全视角

选取谷物类、油料油脂类、糖料类、主要畜产品和棉花、蔬菜等农产品作为研究对象,运用热量当量法、产品树法以及料肉比法,进口从消费者角度,出口从生产者角度,对各类农产品在1995—2019年的进出口量进行虚拟土资源含量测算并观察净进口结构的动态调整特点。结果表明,我国农产品虚拟土进口总量呈明显的增长趋势,且不同类型农产品对节约国内土地资源的贡献度不同,在考察期内,贡献度的大小出现了明显的结构调整。最后,就合理配置国内土地资源以及高效利用国际土地资源以规避新的粮食安全问题提出相应建议。     

中国与中亚国家农产品贸易互补性的实证分析

首先运用比较优势指数对中国农产品出口中亚国家的情况进行分析,得出中国农产品总体在中亚国家不具有比较优势,但出口中亚国家的一些主要农产品具有一定的比较优势。然后,运用贸易互补性指数和贸易结合度模型,对中国农产品出口中亚国家与中亚国家进口的双边农产品贸易进行分析,得出中国与中亚国家总体农产品贸易互补性较低,但在主要农产品贸易中互补性较强且贸易结合度紧密的结论。     

中美贸易中隐含的碳排放以及贸易环境效应——基于环境投入产出法的实证分析

中美贸易的巨额逆差带来的不仅仅是贸易问题,还包括一系列的环境问题。利用环境投入产出模型测算1997年-2009年中美贸易中所隐含的CO2排放量,得出如下结论:中美贸易中中国大部分行业污染贸易条件均大于1,且呈不断恶化趋势;出口规模越大、贸易竞争力越强的产业单位出口的CO2排放强度越小,中国出口美国的产品与污染品并无必然联系;美国对华FDI转移并未引起美国污染产业向中国转移,而全球FDI向华转移使得"污染天堂"理论在华成立;中国出口CO2排放速度低于其出口速度,单位出口的CO2排放强度呈下降趋势;改变中国污染顺差国的地位,中国需加强对美国污染品的进口,积极改变粗放型的生产方式,加快对价值链高端清洁产品的生产。     

中美农产品加工业产业内贸易影响因素研究

分析了中美农产品加工业贸易状况,并对两国农产品加工业产业内贸易的影响因素进行了实证研究。结果表明,近年来中美农产品加工业贸易快速发展;而中美贸易不平衡对两国农产品加工业产业内贸易起到了显著的抑制作用,同时中美两国人均GDP差异、行业开放程度则较强地促进了两国农产品加工业产业内贸易的发展。基于此,中国应侧重提升中美农产品加工业产业内贸易水平,实施产业间贸易和产业内贸易双轮驱动战略。     

Tracing distant environmental impacts of agricultural products from a consumer perspective

Globally, trade flows of agricultural products are increasing. While value is typically added along the whole production chain, certain environmental impacts, such as land and water use, biomass appropriation, and soil degradation, are intrinsically linked to where the primary products originate from. When taking a consumer oriented approach on environmental problems, bilateral trade statistics can help in providing a clearer picture about the location of impacts caused by consumption elsewhere. However, in today's increasingly globalized world, consumer goods are often imported from countries other than where the primary product originated from. For instance, soybeans are transported from Brazil to the Netherlands, where they are processed into soy oil, which is shipped to Austria, where it is consumed. Utilizing bilateral trade matrices and matrix algebra, we present a method that allows to clearly link consumption patterns to the origin of primary products. In this, the method can help to provide information about consumption related, distant environmental impacts. We employ the case of land and water use linked to Austria's soy product consumption to demonstrate the approach's relevance. Finally, we outline some possible applications of this method to show its potential in enhancing understanding for informed consumer based environmental decision making.     

改革开放以来中国农村土地流转制度的改革与发展

改革开放以来，以1988年宪法修正为标志，农村土地流转制度经历了从“禁止流转、允许流转到放开流转”和由模糊不清到明确鼓励的过程。农村土地流转从20世纪80年代中后期兴起到现今已经发展了近20年，但它的发展始终不顺畅，农地流转十分滞后。流转权利不充分、流转动力不足、流转机制未形成、流转条件受约束是农地流转缓慢的四大瓶颈。为了突破这四大瓶颈，我们必须坚持“所有权不干预流转权”、创造农地流转条件、健全农村土地流转机制、降低农地流转交易成本、允许通过抵押等进行土地流转。     

Areal differentiation of virtual water for agricultural products and its effect on regional agricultural structure adjustment in China： 1995-2007

With a vast territory, the space-time distribution of water resources is uneven in China. There is a great dif ference in natural conditions and farmland management of agricuttural production in different regions. The areal differentiation of agricultural products virtual water is obvious. Comparison with the agricultural products virtual water from 1995 to 2007 in China shows an increase in the first ten vears and a little decrease in recent years. There has been a tendency of increase all the time in Northeast and Northwest. but a decrease after an increase firstly in other regions. The virtual water offood crops is the maximum which accounts for more than 70% in China. and that of vegetables is in a fast growth. The proportion of agricultural products virtual water to the total water resources in each region has a large difference, showing the imbalance of agricultural water in different regions, which accounts for 50%-90% in Northeast, and 125%-185% in North China. Under the guidance of virtual water strategy, based on the differences of resource endowment, each region should adjust agricultural structure, decide production by water, and select water suitable crops. In water-rich region, agricultural produets of high water consumption should be planted appropriately, which will make full use of the abundant local water resources. In water-shortage region the crop production of high water consumption and low efficiency should be depressed, and that of low water consumption and high efficiency should be supported and increased. It will achieve reasonable disposition of water resources, promote ecological restoration and environmental protection, as welt as ensure food security.     

Assessment of regional trade and virtual water flows in China

The success of China's economic development has left deep marks on resource availability and quality. Some regions in China are relatively poor with regards to water resources. This problem is exacerbated by economic growth. Flourishing trade activities on both domestic and international levels have resulted in significant amounts of water withdrawal and water pollution. Hence the goal of this paper is to evaluate the current inter-regional trade structure and its effects on water consumption and pollution via ‘virtual water flows’. Virtual water is the water embedded in products and used in the whole production chain, and that is traded between regions or exported to other countries. For this assessment of trade flows and effects on water resources, we have developed an extended regional input-output model for eight hydro-economic regions in China to account for virtual water flows between North and South China. The findings show that the current trade structure in China is not very favorable with regards to water resource allocation and efficiency. North China as a water scarce region virtually exports about 5% of its total available freshwater resources while accepting large amounts of wastewater for other regions' consumption. By contrast, South China a region with abundant water resources is virtually importing water from other regions while their imports are creating waste water polluting other regions' hydro-ecosystems.     

基于虚拟水视角的东北粮食作物发展战略分析

本文主要研究我国东北地区主要粮食作物的虚拟水含量以及东北三省的虚拟水流量,一方面旨在为东北地区粮食作物的布局和贸易战略调整提供依据,另一方面也为我国粮食安全和水安全的宏观调控提供政策依据。本文基于联合国粮农组织提供的CropWat软件以及ClimWat数据库来计算粮食作物虚拟水含量,采用联合国教科文组织水资源教育研究院提供的虚拟水相关公式来计算虚拟水流量,得出了东北三省五种主要粮食作物2000—2007年的虚拟水含量及该地区虚拟水的时序流量。最后得出结论:东北地区的粮食作物具有普遍的节水种植优势;东北地区的虚拟水输出量可观,进入量稀少。     

人民币实际汇率波动与中国农产品进出口贸易的实证研究

传统的国际贸易理论认为一国汇率与对外贸易量之间存在密切相关关系,马歇尔-勒纳条件则说明只有在＞1的情况下,汇率贬值才能改善贸易收支。本文通过建立农产品进出口额对人民币实际汇率的计量经济模型来验证M-L条件在农产品贸易领域成立与否,结果表明,汇率贬值能促进我国农产品出口额的增加,但贬值对农产品出口增加的作用不大;同时汇率贬值使得农产品进口额也增加,文章最后针对以上情况作简单的原因分析。