Stepping on a rake: The role of fiscal policy in the inflation of the 1970s

The inflation of the 1970s in the US is often discussed as if the only type of policy action that could have prevented the inflation were monetary policy actions and the only type of policy errors that might have induced the inflation were monetary policy errors. Yet fiscal policy underwent dramatic shifts in the 1970s and economic theory makes clear that in an environment of uncertainty about future fiscal policy, monetary policy instruments may lose potency or have perverse effects. This paper documents the vagaries of fiscal policy in this period and argues that people at the time must have been uncertain about fiscal policy's future course. It also lays out a theoretical framework for understanding the effects of fiscal uncertainties on monetary policy and shows that fiscal variables have predictive value in dynamic models, even if traditional monetary policy indicators are included in the system.     

Why Do Policy Makers Give (Permanent) Power to Policy Advisers?

Using a simple game-theoretical model, this paper analyzes the role of policy advisers in the policy-making process. We show that policy makers are inclined to appoint advisers whose preferences coincide with their own preferences. Furthermore, we show that policy makers are biased towards erecting permanent advisory units. This result stems from the policy makers' desire to affect the actions of their successors. A permanent advisory unit induces future policy makers to act in accordance with the preferences of current policy makers. The policy-makers' bias towards erecting permanent advisory units may drive a wedge between actual policy outcomes and socially desired policy outcomes.     

产业升级视角下绿色信贷与环保财政政策协同效应研究

单一的绿色信贷政策或环保财政政策在促进环境治理、产业升级等方面存在局限性。因此，首先在阐述绿色信贷政策和财政政策作用机理的基础上，给出二者可能的政策协同渠道。然后，利用2007—2016年省际面板数据，考察绿色信贷与环保财政政策在促进产业升级方面是否存在协同效应，并对有可能增强二者协同效果的相关因素进行检验。结果表明：绿色信贷与环保财政政策存在显著协同效应，并且绿色信贷与税收政策的协同效果优于其与支出政策的协同效果，而金融发展水平能够显著促进绿色信贷与环保财政政策协同。此外，考察了政策协同与单位能耗及单位污染排放的关联性，得出了相似的结论。     

创新科技政策时滞效应研究

创新科技政策传导过程存在时滞效应是一个不容回避的重要问题。通过整理2009-2016年相关数据并采用脉冲响应函数和方差分析法对创新科技政策（人才激励、研发补贴、税收优惠、政府采购、服务外包）效应外部时滞进行分析。研究结果表明：创新科技政策的时滞导致政策效果无法得到充分、及时的发挥。不同的创新科技政策工具会产生不同的政策效果时滞期。政策外部效应时滞发生于企业判断政策—确认政策—吸收政策—执行政策—创新产出这一过程之中。     

Why Economists should Choose their Inheritance: Physics and Path-independence in Economic Systems

Abstract

This paper considers the possibility of using fiscal rather than monetary policy as the instrument of stabilization policy in a new consensus framework. Describing the conduct of fiscal policy in terms of a ‘pseudo Taylor rule’, it is shown that fiscal policy is as, if not more, effective than monetary policy as a tool for macroeconomic stabilization. The conclusion reached is that the comparative neglect of fiscal policy as an instrument of stabilization policy in new consensus macroeconomics is unwarranted.     

INTRA-INDUSTRY TRADE AND NATIONAL ENTRY POLICY

Abstract.  This paper analyses entry policy in an open economy using an intra-industry trade model. Entry policy is the policy by which a government regulates the number of firms in the country. Implementation of this policy is accompanied by subsidies. In this paper, only one country implements this policy and the other country does not enforce any regulations. We show that the national entry policy makes both countries better off than they would be at the market equilibrium if a certain condition is met. This means that national entry policy is not necessarily a beggar-thy-neighbour policy.     

Does welfare policy affect residential choices? An empirical investigation accounting for policy endogeneity

This paper studies how changes in welfare policy affect welfare recipients' residential choices. Although several empirical studies have stressed that welfare policy may affect residential choices of welfare recipients, few studies have simultaneously taken into account that residential choices of welfare recipients are also likely to affect welfare policy. This paper utilizes a policy reform to address this policy endogeneity. The results show that welfare policy exerts a substantial effect on residential choices of welfare recipients.     

On the Effectiveness of Monetary Policy and of Fiscal Policy

There has been a major shift within macroeconomic policy over the past two decades or so in terms of the relative importance given to monetary policy and to fiscal policy in both policy and theoretical terms. The former has gained considerably in importance, with the latter being rarely mentioned. Furthermore, the nature of monetary policy has shifted away from any attempt to control some monetary aggregate (prevalent in the first half of the 1980s), and instead monetary policy has focused on the setting of interest rates as the key policy instrument. There has also been a general shift towards the adoption of inflation targets and the use of monetary policy to target inflation. This paper considers the significance of this shift in the nature of monetary policy. This enables us to question the effectiveness of monetary policy, and to explore the role of fiscal policy. We examine these questions from the point of view of the "new consensus" in monetary economics and suggest that it is rather limited in its analysis. When the analysis is broadened out to embrace empirical issues and evidence the clear conclusion emerges that monetary policy is relatively impotent. The role of fiscal policy is also considered, and we argue that fiscal policy (under specified conditions) remains a powerful tool for macroeconomic policy. This is particularly an apt conclusion under current economic conditions.     

科技企业孵化器政策量化与演进研究

科技企业孵化器政策是助推科技企业孵化器创新发展的制度动力。构建“政策工具—价值创造”二维框架，运用内容分析法对中国2000-2019年中央与地方颁布的182份科技企业孵化器政策文本进行量化分析，借助NVivo12实现政策文本编码和统计分析，揭示政策横向协同情况与纵向演进态势。研究发现:孵化器政策工具应用表现出横向分化态势,政府介入程度较高的策略引导型政策工具和政府主导型政策工具应用较多，参与推动型和自由发展型政策工具运用不足，并呈现出以政府主导型政策工具为主转向策略引导型政策工具与政府主导型政策工具并重的纵向演进态势；同时，孵化器政策工具应用集中在价值孕育阶段，价值初创和价值加速阶段政策工具应用较少。最后，提出完善政策工具组合、强化政策工具与价值创造阶段有效整合等政策建议。     

IDEAL AND REAL JAPANESE MONETARY POLICY: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ACTUAL AND OPTIMAL POLICY MEASURES*

This paper discusses the successes and failures of Japanese monetary policy by evaluating policies from January 1980 to May 2003 in the light of optimal policy rules. First, we quantitatively conceptualize the Bank of Japan (BOJ)'s policy decisions by employing Bernanke and Mihov's (1998 ) econometric methodology for developing monetary policy measures and term the resulting policy measure the ‘actual policy measure’. Next, assuming that the BOJ is committed to optimal policy rules, we simulate optimal policy paths, which we term ‘optimal policy measures’. We evaluate Japanese monetary policy historically by comparing actual and optimal policy measures.     

我国财政政策作用机制与经济周期波动的相关性研究

我国积极财政政策在总需求管理过程中起到了重要作用.通过判断我国财政政策工具和财政政策规模与经济周期波动之间的关联,描述结构VAR模型中财政政策的作用和反馈过程,我们发现我国积极财政政策操作过程中体现出了一定程度的相机选择性和对经济周期阶段的依赖性,这意味着在我国经济增长已经出现"软扩张"的经济周期态势下,应当适当调整财政政策的期限结构和政策工具,加强货币政策的组合作用,继续保持积极财政政策对国内产出的作用方向.     

欧元体系财政与货币政策协调性分析

欧元区集中统一的货币政策和权力分散的财政政策 ,已有 4年多的实践历程 ,实践表明财政与货币政策协调性较差 ,欧盟的机构设置与政策结构的设计的确存在缺陷 ,采取扩张性货币政策缓解内部冲击与价格稳定首要目标已处于两难境地。实现统一的“大财政”,通过财政转移 ,重新配置资源 ,以帮助成员国吸收不对称冲击的影响 ,是提高欧元体系财政与货币政策协调性措施之一。     

基于资产价格影响的货币政策非对称性效应研究

利用NK-SVAR模型就我国货币政策的非对称性效应进行研究,结果表明,紧缩性货币政策的效果比较明显,而扩张性货币政策效果较弱.货币冲击的紧缩效应强于扩张效应,这表明抑制经济的过快增长时紧缩性的货币政策效果显著,但扩张性货币政策无法摆脱经济的恶性衰退.     

科技政策对国家高新区创新驱动发展的影响路径——一个定性比较分析

基于中国内地30个省（市、自治区）政策文本，运用定性比较分析方法（QCA）进行国家级高新区科技政策研究，对不同政策类型的综合影响路径进行分析。研究发现，存在4种条件变量的组合影响路径：资源投入型路径、资源协作型路径、内敛规制型路径和外向规制型路径。人力资源政策和财政优惠政策在组合路径中具有导向作用，创新平台政策和组织制度政策是影响高新区创新驱动力的内部保障性条件，外部投入型政策与内部规制型政策具有政策互补性，对制度性政策的倾斜往往会产生更显著的驱动效应。     

Public policies: will policy be ineffective if welfare is a random-walk

This study contradicts the view that policy cannot be effective if the welfare variable is a random-walk. Also, the study disagrees with the methodology employed by some proponents of this view, and goes on to show that the conclusion of policy ineffectiveness was only due to a wrong inference procedure. Furthermore, it points out that the notion of policy effectiveness suggests the examination of the relationship between policy and welfare; hence, what to look for is not a trend in the individual time series, but a common trend which relates the policy instrument and the welfare-variable in the policy environment under consideration.     

中美创新战略规划政策工具比较研究

基于Rothwell和Zegveld的政策工具理论,以中国《“十三五”科技创新规划》和美国《2015年美国创新战略》的政策文本为研究对象,对中美创新战略规划的政策工具进行比较研究。结果表明:中美两国使用的环境型政策工具最为频繁,同时中国环境型政策工具的使用比率高于美国;两国使用供给型政策工具的比例相当,但中国供给型政策工具的内部机构不尽合理;两国使用最少的为需求型政策工具,中国需求型政策工具的使用比例尤其低。与美国相比,中国在个别政策工具运用方面存在过溢、错位、缺位等不良现象,就此借鉴美国政策工具的运用经验,提出了完善中国创新战略规划政策工具布局的建议。     

双试点政策的协同创新效应

协同创新是提升创新体系整体效能的关键。基于中国2001—2020年280个地级市数据,将国家创新型城市试点政策和科技金融相结合试点政策作为一项准自然实验,采用渐进双重差分模型,实证检验实施双试点政策对城市创新水平的影响。研究表明：双试点政策组合能显著促进城市创新水平的提升。机制检验表明,双试点通过促进风险机构集聚、改善制度环境和发展金融科技提升了城市创新水平。进一步分析发现,双试点存在协同创新效应,双试点比单一试点能更有效地提升城市创新水平,且对先行实施创新型城市试点政策的城市和非东部地区的城市具有更强的影响效应。本研究探索了政策组合的协同创新效应,为完善城市创新治理体系提供政策启示。     

The Fall and Rise of Keynesian Fiscal Policy

This paper reviews the recent evolution of thinking and evidence regarding the effectiveness of activist fiscal policy, including how policy multipliers might vary with respect to economic conditions. Like many other countries that were hit by the “Great Recession,” the USA responded initially with active fiscal policy measures. But a more positive view of fiscal intervention appears to have developed earlier in the decade, and estimated decision rules confirm that there was an increase in policy activism. While this positive view has been tested by the unclear effects of fiscal policy during the Great Recession, recent evidence does suggest that fiscal policy may be especially effective in recession. Fiscal policy activism has also been tempered by recent concerns about growing government debt, a development which potentially might also undercut the effectiveness of expansionary fiscal policy.     

区域创新政策多维度评价指标体系设计与构建

创新政策内容主体包括供给导向、需求导向和环境支持导向等创新政策,创新政策评价指标包括政策协同度、政策强度和政策完善度3个维度。采用政策赋值量化法与模糊数学方法构建多维评价指标,指出在创新政策设计中,我国应更多采纳需求导向型和环境支持导向型创新政策体系,更加关注创新政策协同度和完善度,以引导创新型企业、创业型大学和创新中介机构在创新资源配置中发挥主体作用。