扎龙自然保护区游客的生态补偿支付意愿研究

运用CVM意愿调查法对扎龙自然保护区游客的生态补偿支付意愿进行调查,通过构建二元Logistic回归模型分析影响游客支付意愿(WTP)的因素,并运用相关分析影响支付意愿值(WTP值)的因素。结果表明:游客的生态补偿支付意愿受性别、来源地、满意度的影响,且呈正向相关;WTP值受职业、月收入、年旅游支出、满意度、环保关注度、生态补偿了解程度的影响;71.9%的游客具有生态补偿支付意愿,平均支付意愿值为50.85元/年,总支付意愿值为1 983.15万元/年;关于补偿方式54.9%的游客支持国家和地方政府拨款,关于资金用途27.96%、28.67%的游客分别支持保护植被、野生动物。最后,根据研究结果提出了提高游客生态补偿支付意愿及WTP值的相关建议。     

关于塑料袋收费制度的实证研究——以杭州为例

使用条件价值评估法和杭州地区五个主城区316个消费者的调查数据,评估杭州地区消费者对塑料袋收费制度的认知程度、接受程度和支付意愿（WTP）。结果显示,对普通塑料袋支付意愿有显著性影响的因素依次是家庭月收入、受教育程度、接受程度、环境行为及预期;对可降解塑料袋支付意愿影响显著的因素依次为家庭月收入、接受程度、年龄、环境行为及预期、受教育程度。     

国家公园游客与居民旅游生态补偿支付意愿及影响因素对比研究——以青海祁连风光旅游区为例

以青海祁连风光旅游区为案例地,采用条件价值法(CVM)进行游客与居民旅游生态补偿支付意愿及其影响因素的对比分析。结果表明:(1)2018年祁连风光旅游区游客和居民旅游生态补偿支付意愿分别在4.42×10~7～9.45×10~7元和0.66×10~6～3.0×10~6元之间。(2)游客与居民旅游生态补偿支付意愿的差异主要是在常住地—旅游地二元环境下,个体特征方面,二者的支付意愿与其经济、职业、文化水平呈正相关,年龄与支付意愿呈"N"型关系;心理感知方面,游憩功能感知与人文环境感知分别成为影响游客与居民支付意愿的第一位因素,生态环境感知则成为第三位因素。因此,游客更多扮演了消费者角色,居民更多扮演的是纳税人角色,使得游客比居民更有意愿且有能力"购买"良好的生态环境这种特殊的"商品"。     

条件价值评估法对伊金霍洛旗生态系统服务价值的评估应用

通过调查伊金霍洛旗的生态环境状况,以非市场物品和服务价值评估的理论条件价值评估法为依据,采用支付卡方法对伊金霍洛旗农户关于恢复生态系统服务价值的支付意愿进行了调查分析,同时对影响居民支付意愿的影响因素进行了相关分析。结果表明:87%的农户家庭对伊金霍洛旗生态环境恢复存在支付意愿,最大支付意愿为每户每年204.54元。其中家庭收入、是否为村干部、文化程度这三个变量与支付意愿之间存在着显著的线性相关关系。     

Households＇ Cognition and Willingness to Pay for Village Public Spaces——A Case Study of Shuanggou Village,Henan Province

通过对河南省双沟村75家农户的深入访谈,运用Logistic二元选择模型对影响农户公共空间的支付意愿进行分析。结果表明,所有农户都认为公共空间受到不同程度的破坏,大多数农户认为无论是破坏还是改善都存在政府不作为。农户对公共空间的支付意愿受个体特征、农户特征和认知特征的共同制约,支付意愿普遍较低。年龄和学历与支付意愿负相关;职业与之呈显著正相关;农户家庭农业收入和非农收入与之具有统计上的正相关,但系数较小,实际意义并不明显;农户认为公共空间破坏越严重,越易产生支付意愿。农户对村域公共空间的认知及其支付意愿对村域治理有重要的政策含义,社会主义新农村建设应重视公共空间在村庄的稳定和发展中的作用。     

村落公共空间的农户认知与支付意愿——以河南省双沟村为例的经验研究

通过对河南省双沟村75家农户的深入访谈,运用Logistic二元选择模型对影响农户公共空间的支付意愿进行分析。结果表明,所有农户都认为公共空间受到不同程度的破坏,大多数农户认为无论是破坏还是改善都存在政府不作为。农户对公共空间的支付意愿受个体特征、农户特征和认知特征的共同制约,支付意愿普遍较低。年龄和学历与支付意愿负相关;职业与之呈显著正相关;农户家庭农业收入和非农收入与之具有统计上的正相关,但系数较小,实际意义并不明显;农户认为公共空间破坏越严重,越易产生支付意愿。农户对村域公共空间的认知及其支付意愿对村域治理有重要的政策含义,社会主义新农村建设应重视公共空间在村庄的稳定和发展中的作用。     

调查评价法在非景区型森林景观价值评估中的应用

针对非景区型森林景观具有公共物品的特性,运用调查评价法评估其经济价值。在星子县大排岭瓷土矿区森林景观价值评估中,477个样本的人均支付意愿为66.86元,以白鹿镇人口为基数,计算大排岭矿区森林景观的总价值为1 671 834元。在支付意愿相关性分析中发现:收入与支付意愿中度相关(r=0.64,p<0.01),职业、学历与支付意愿低度相关(r=0.352&0.367,p<0.01),年龄、性别与支付意愿不相关。     

城乡居民对水源地保护的支付意愿差异分析——以北京水源地为例

基于城乡比较的视角,利用调查数据,运用意愿调查法分析了城乡居民对水源地保护的支付意愿及其差异。研究结果显示:虽然农村居民的收入较低,但是农村居民对水源地保护的响应程度要高于城区居民,且农村居民对水源地保护的户均支付意愿也高于城区居民,但农村居民的总支付意愿比城区居民小;从支付意愿的影响因素来看,城区居民与农村居民并没有表现出明显的差异性,即均表现为受教育程度、家庭收入对支付意愿有显著的正向影响,而年龄对支付意愿有显著的负向影响;从拒绝支付的理由来看,绝大多数农村居民拒绝支付的主要原因是收入低、没有能力支付,而超过半数的城区居民认为水源地保护是政府、自来水公司等其他主体的责任。     

流域生态补偿的支付意愿及影响因素——以南水北调中线工程受水区郑州市为例

基于支付卡式(PC)条件价值法(CVM)对南水北调中线工程受水区郑州市进行问卷调查,利用Tobit模型考察了受水区居民使用南水北调中线工程水源区水质和水量生态服务的支付意愿(WTP)。结果表明:在302个有效样本中,受水区居民具有正支付意愿的比例为84.44%,其中89.8%的居民支付意愿值为10元/月及以下。根据两类WTP评估方法得出的郑州市居民支付意愿为5~8.09元/月。居民异质性是支付意愿的重要影响因素,收入水平、教育水平、年龄和偏好的影响显著;从居民对水源产权的认知看,受访者默认拥有清洁水源使用权,支付意愿决策具有较强的自利动机;从居民支付意愿决策背景看,水量和水质变化影响了居民的效用水平,从而改变了居民参与流域生态补偿的支付意愿。应建立生态服务使用方直接参与的流域生态补偿机制,根据受水区居民真实支付意愿对水源区进行生态补偿。     

P2P网贷中出借者个体特征对出借意愿影响研究

本文通过设计问卷、发放问卷的方式获取信息和数据.利用计量分析法探究影响出借意愿的个体特征因素.通过实证研究得出:性别、年龄、学历、收入、网购经历、第三方支付等都对出借意愿具有显著影响.最后根据实证研究的结论对政府、P2P网络借贷平台等相关方提出相应的对策建议,以促进P2P网络借贷平台的建设和发展,提高交易成功率.     

Pleasure and belief in Hume's Decision Process

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce explicitly pleasure and belief in what aims at being a Humean theory of decision, like the one developed in Diaye and Lapidus (2005a). Although we support the idea that Hume was in some way a hedonist – evidently different from Bentham's or Jevons' way – we lay emphasis less on continuity than on the specific kind of hedonism encountered in Hume's writings (chiefly the Treatise, the second Enquiry, the Dissertation, or some of his Essays). Such hedonism clearly contrasts to its standard modern inheritance, expressed by the relation between preferences and utility.

The reason for such a difference with the usual approach lies in the mental process that Hume puts to the fore in order to explain the way pleasure determines desires and volition. Whereas pleasure is primarily, in Hume's words, an impression of sensation, it takes place in the birth of passions as reflecting an idea of pleasure, whose “force and vivacity” is precisely a “belief”, transferred to the direct passions of desire or volition that come immediately before action. As a result, from a Humean point of view, “belief” deals with decision under risk or uncertainty, as well as with intertemporal decision and indiscrimination problems.

The latter are explored within a formal framework, and it is shown that the relation of pleasure is transformed by belief into a non-empty class of relations of desire, among which at least one is a preorder.     

Globalization,Neoliberalism and the attack on social security

Neoliberal political movements advocate privatization of public pension systems. Globalization imposes pressure on nations to conform to neoliberal policy views with respect to the design and structure of social insurance, including public pension systems. The paper begins with an investigation of the economic, ethical and ideological dimensions of the privatization debates in the U.S.; it argues that privatization advocates may be largely moved by ideology, since the other reasons advanced appear weak or unfounded. The second part discusses the history of Social Security, the purposes for its creation, and some of its economic effects. Differences between public and private pension systems are considered. A brief international comparison of some aspects of public pension system finance and benefit structures is presented. The final section considers the ethical, macroeconomic and distributional implications of privatization, prefunding and payroll tax funding, and argues for a pay as you go system financed with income taxes. In order to promote equity, economic security, community, and social cohesion, public pension systems should be universal in coverage. In order to reduce the inequality, income insecurity, and aged poverty generated by market economies, public pension systems ought to be progressive: benefit/contribution ratios should be inversely proportional to income, and progressive income taxes should finance the system. To promote economic growth, the systems should be financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, and should not be prefunded except for an emergency reserve. The fiscal policy recommendations partially depend upon the theory developed by Abba Lerner in the 1940s, and recently advanced by Wynne Godley and Randy Wray: Lerner's “principle of functional finance.”     

John Stuart Mill's Theory Of Justice

John Stuart Mill has traditionally been portrayed as self-contradictory and failing to construct a unified social theory. Recent scholarship, however, has challenged this view, finding Mill's work to be creatively synthetic in bridging the antinomies inherent in liberal democratic thought. This revisionist interpretation of Mill is advanced by an understanding of his theory of justice and its role in shaping his policy positions on issues such as welfare, education, voting rights, property rights, taxation, government intervention, and the future of capitalism.     

A Rich Vein for “Reality Mining”北大核心CSSCISSCI

Arik Hesseldahl In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, U.S. officials quickly turned their attention to other potential targets, including California's Golden Gate Bridge. What would happen if terrorists took down the bridge between San Francisco and Marin County? How much of the region would be affected and for how long?     

Perspective on the Economic Evolution of the European Union States Under the Impact of the Pandemic and Financial-Economic Crisis

The European Union,which is at the beginning of its term of office for all Member States in the European Parliament,the European Commission,its governing body a...     

中国养活自己能力的长期预测:技术和政策分析

中国拥有世界五分之一强的人口 ,收入又在迅速增长。因此 ,国际上很自然地会考虑或推测她在今后的几十年是否有能力养活自己。中国的人口预计将从 2 0 0 0年的 1 2 8亿增长到 2 0 2 0年的 1 4 6亿 ,和 2 0 3 0年的 1 4 9亿。与此同时 ,人均收入的增长将导致对家畜和鱼类产品更大的需求 ,因而对饲料的需求也将有很大的增长     

Interest on reserves and inflation

The payment of interest on reserves has been a common practice in inflationary economies. This policy may seem paradoxical since it involves returning part of the seigniorage, generated by the inflation process, with the intention to finance the fiscal deficit. This paper argues that the motivation for this policy can be captured by the discretionary regime, where the policymaker pays interest on reserves because he is concerned with the erosion of real liquidity by inflation, which is in part beyond his control. However, this policy is an unlikely outcome in the commitment regime, where the policymaker is in full control of inflation.     

John Stuart Mill's Theories of Wealth and Income Distribution

Although he was much influenced by David Ricardo when he wrote the classical part of his Principles , John Stuart Mill was not a Ricardian when he penned his theories of wealth and distribution. They are based on a triple foundation. First, a belief that economics is a moral discipline. Second a theory of custom-driven human behavior. Third, an empirically formed conviction that the institutions of state, education and business cooperate to structure the distribution of income. On the basis of these presuppositions, Mill formulated 1) an institutional theory of the formation of human and non-human wealth and 2) an even more institutional theory of distribution demonstrating how the aforementioned institutions malignantly skew the distribution of income to the advantage of the propertied classes and to the extreme disadvantage of the working class. As a social economist, Mill recommended institutional reforms designed to eradicate the poverty of the working class.     

Neurally reconstructing expected utility

While the concept of “expected utility” informs many theories of decision making, little is known about whether and how the human brain might compute this quantity. This article reviews a series of functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) experiments designed to localize brain regions that respond in anticipation of increasing amounts of monetary incentives. These studies collectively suggest that anticipation of increasing monetary gains activates a subcortical region of the ventral striatum in a magnitude-proportional manner. This ventral striatal activation is not evident during anticipation of losses. Actual gain outcomes instead activate a region of the mesial prefrontal cortex. During anticipation of gain, ventral striatal activation is accompanied by feelings characterized by increasing arousal and positive valence. These findings affirm the role of emotion in the anticipation of incentives, and may provide an initial step towards a neural reconstruction of expected utility.