近50年湖南省耕地数量动态变化研究

湖南省是全国的农业大省之一,在全国农业发展格局中具有举足轻重的地位,其耕地数量的变化直接影响到全省乃至全国的粮食安全态势。文章利用1949-1999年的统计和普查数据,分析了湖南省近50年来耕地数量动态变化及地域差异,并进一步探讨了影响耕地动态变化的驱动因子。结果表明：50年来,湖南省耕地总体呈逐年下降态势,且区域变化差异明显;其中经济发展、社会系统和科技进步构成了耕地数量变化的主要驱动因子。     

天津市耕地资源态势及其相关社会经济驱动因素

从天津市50多年长序列耕地统计和土地调查资料,分析其耕地资源数量动态变化趋势、利用特征,探讨耕地资源数量变化的社会经济驱动因子及其影响机制。研究表明:1949年以来,天津市耕地资源数量在波动变化中呈减少趋势;人均耕地减少,耕地集约利用程度不断提高;部分地区耕地质量下降,耕地后备资源匮乏。人口增长、经济发展、城市化、相关政策和比较经济利益等因素,对耕地资源数量变动的驱动作用非常明显。     

耕地变化驱动因子灰色分析——以辽宁省为例

根据统计数据和普查资料,分析辽宁省1949---2005年耕地面积变化趋势,运用灰色关联分析法对耕地面积变动的驱动因子进行分析。结果表明,辽宁省耕地面积总体上呈现短期增长——持续下降——波动减少的趋势;人均耕地面积整体上呈持续下降趋势;人口增长、农业科技进步、经济增长、国家土地政策等成为耕地数量变化的主要驱动因子。     

烟台地区耕地资源态势及宏观驱动力研究

利用改革开放20多年来烟台地区耕地统计资料和近5年土地详查与变更数据,研究揭示了该区耕地资源利用与变化的基本特征,耕地数量变化的基本过程、空间差异及耕地流向,初步探讨了耕地数量变化的主要驱动因子及其影响机制,得出以下结论：①20多年来,烟台地区耕地数量呈明显的波动减少趋势,经历了缓慢减少一急剧减少一缓慢减少的变化过程,并在1985年前后、1987—1990年和1991—1993年出现了3次明显的耕地流失高峰;②耕地的主要流向是工矿用地、居民点和各类交通用地以及果园,耕地的增加主要是未利用土地的开垦和工矿用地的整理与复垦;③经济发展、人口增长和政策是耕地面积变化的主要宏观驱动因子,耕地数量变化过程中的明显突变与国家宏观政策背景相关联,耕地快速减少在发生时间上与经济的过热增长基本同步,在空间分布上与地区经济发展速度和水平的差异相一致;此外,人口增加对耕地减少的驱动也不可忽视。     

江苏粮食生产地域分化的耕地因素分解

以粮食产量计算模型为基础,将粮食生产分解成耕地利用的数量、结构、强度、广度4个因子.以江苏省为例,从省域-分区域-地市等不同空间尺度,分析粮食生产的耕地因子过程,比较各地粮食生产变化的差异及其耕地利用变化的成因.结果显示:1990年代中期以来,江苏粮食生产区域分化显著,南部耕地大幅减少、有限耕地的生产功能减退,导致粮食生产全面萎缩;中北部耕地利用集约度提升,粮食生产功能总体趋于强化.影响各地市粮食生产变化的主导因子各有不同:粮食单产是连云港、盐城、宿迁、扬州、泰州5市粮食增产的主导因子,结构调整是南京、徐州、南通粮食减产、淮安粮食增产的主导因素;复种指数调减是苏州、无锡粮食生产衰退的首要因子.     

长株潭城市群地区耕地数量时空变化及其驱动力分析

采用1996-2009年土地利用变更数据和社会经济统计数据,运用变异系数、泰尔指数、相对变化率及主成分分析方法,结合GIS技术,分析长株潭城市群地区耕地数量时空变化及其驱动因子,结果表明:①长株潭城市群地区耕地总量呈波动中下降的发展态势,人均耕地数量呈逐年减少的发展趋势;②长株潭城市群地区耕地数量空间差异变化体现为“平缓—快速—平缓”的阶段性发展特征;③长株潭城市群地区耕地数量变化空间差异明显,多数市辖区与县级市耕地数量减少较大,多数县耕地数量有一定幅度的减少,宁乡县和茶陵县耕地数量有一定规模的增加,耕地数量相对变化率具有“市辖区＞县级市＞县”的空间分异特征;④社会经济综合发展水平(经济发展水平、人口发展、城市化和工业化)和农业科技创新与农业结构调整是长株潭城市群地区耕地数量变化的主要驱动因子.研究成果能为长株潭城市群地区耕地保护与经济社会协调发展提供客观依据,可为类似地区相关研究提供科学借鉴.     

经济快速发展地区农业土地利用变化驱动机制研究--以无锡市东亭镇、安镇镇和羊尖镇为例

以长江三角洲地区无锡市东亭镇、安镇镇和羊尖镇为例，通过应用德尔菲法和主成分分析法选择农地利用变化影响因素的基础上，构建了区域农业土地利用变化的驱动模型，并据此着重分析了区域农地数量变化与区域经济发展、城市化水平、农业集约化、城市(上海市)辐射力以及耕地保护政策变化之间的相互关系。研究结果表明，区域农业土地利用变化是上述因素综合作用的结果，并且在不同的乡镇，农地数量变化的驱动因素是有所差异的，而且区域社会经济发展的不同时期，各驱动因素的重要程度也是动态变化的。最后，作者就经济快速发展地区农业土地可持续利用管理提出若干政策建议，合理保护农地尤其是耕地资源；重视耕地质量占补平衡；依据农业产业发展态势，积极调整农地利用结构；推进非农产业升级，合理控制非农用地规模；进一步完善土地利用的经济约束机制和土地利用决策体系；加强区域合作，避免产业结构的趋同导致的土地利用结构的趋同；促进产业科技进步，提高土地利用占用效率。     

土地利用／土地覆盖变化与土地利用规划——以安徽马鞍山市为例

利用马鞍山市1983、1996、2010年的土地详查、土地现状和土地规划数据,分析了马鞍山市1983—1996年以及1997-2010规划年土地利用类型结构的变化及其土地变化的驱动因子。通过相关分析揭示出：马鞍山市1983年以来土地利用／土地覆盖变化主要表现为耕地减少和建设用地的增加,耕地减少的主要驱动因子是人口增加、工业和农业的发展;规划期土地利用／土地覆盖变化的驱动因子是土地管理、人口和社会经济的发展;新的土地管理法的严格施行,将使今后我国区域土地利用／土地覆盖变化不同程度的向着有利于经济、社会和生态环境的方向发展。     

耕地数量生态位扩充压缩及其生态环境效应分析——以河南省焦作市为例

生态位理论是生态学重要的基础理论之一。文章以生态位理论为基础,提出了耕地生态元和耕地生态位的概念,并对耕地生态位的特征、演替规律作了系统阐述。在此基础上,构建了用以量度区域耕地数量变化态势、方向和速度的数学模型——耕地数量生态位（宽度）及其扩充压缩度模型,并运用模型对焦作市1998～2004年期间耕地数量扩充压缩态势、方向、速度及其生态环境效应进行了分析。结果表明：（1）1998～2004年期间,焦作市耕地数量生态位整体呈逐年压缩趋势,且耕地数量生态位的压缩与林地和建设用地数量生态位的扩充直接相关,即耕地数量减少的主要原因是生态退耕和建设占用;（2）焦作市各县（市、区）耕地数量生态位压缩度相差较大,反映出焦作市耕地数量空间变化速度的差异性;（3）焦作市各年耕地数量生态位扩充压缩度均小于河南省耕地数量生态位扩充压缩度,表明焦作市各年耕地数量减少速度均大于河南省耕地数量减少速度;（4）焦作市耕地数量生态位的扩充压缩具有重要环境效应,并影响和制约着耕地生态背景质量和区域生态环境质量总体水平。     

基于Logistic-CA的珠海市耕地变化机理分析

以珠海市为研究区域,基于GIS、SPSS以及GeoSOS软件,在分析1973—2008年珠海市耕地动态变化,总结其时空变化特征的基础上,使用Logistic-CA模型从空间角度深入分析了珠海市耕地变化的机理。研究结果表明:1973—1988年珠海市耕地面积以增加为主,1988—2008年耕地面积快速减少;从空间分布形态上看,耕地主要沿原有城市建设用地边缘和交通道路沿线减少,其中西部地区耕地减少规模较大;珠海市耕地减少是基于特定的自然因素和人文因素共同作用而发生的,其中地形和坡度因素对耕地分布起着明显制约作用,耕地与城镇中心距离、与交通线距离和户籍人口密度是耕地减少的主要社会经济驱动因素。     

Pleasure and belief in Hume's Decision Process

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce explicitly pleasure and belief in what aims at being a Humean theory of decision, like the one developed in Diaye and Lapidus (2005a). Although we support the idea that Hume was in some way a hedonist – evidently different from Bentham's or Jevons' way – we lay emphasis less on continuity than on the specific kind of hedonism encountered in Hume's writings (chiefly the Treatise, the second Enquiry, the Dissertation, or some of his Essays). Such hedonism clearly contrasts to its standard modern inheritance, expressed by the relation between preferences and utility.

The reason for such a difference with the usual approach lies in the mental process that Hume puts to the fore in order to explain the way pleasure determines desires and volition. Whereas pleasure is primarily, in Hume's words, an impression of sensation, it takes place in the birth of passions as reflecting an idea of pleasure, whose “force and vivacity” is precisely a “belief”, transferred to the direct passions of desire or volition that come immediately before action. As a result, from a Humean point of view, “belief” deals with decision under risk or uncertainty, as well as with intertemporal decision and indiscrimination problems.

The latter are explored within a formal framework, and it is shown that the relation of pleasure is transformed by belief into a non-empty class of relations of desire, among which at least one is a preorder.     

Globalization,Neoliberalism and the attack on social security

Neoliberal political movements advocate privatization of public pension systems. Globalization imposes pressure on nations to conform to neoliberal policy views with respect to the design and structure of social insurance, including public pension systems. The paper begins with an investigation of the economic, ethical and ideological dimensions of the privatization debates in the U.S.; it argues that privatization advocates may be largely moved by ideology, since the other reasons advanced appear weak or unfounded. The second part discusses the history of Social Security, the purposes for its creation, and some of its economic effects. Differences between public and private pension systems are considered. A brief international comparison of some aspects of public pension system finance and benefit structures is presented. The final section considers the ethical, macroeconomic and distributional implications of privatization, prefunding and payroll tax funding, and argues for a pay as you go system financed with income taxes. In order to promote equity, economic security, community, and social cohesion, public pension systems should be universal in coverage. In order to reduce the inequality, income insecurity, and aged poverty generated by market economies, public pension systems ought to be progressive: benefit/contribution ratios should be inversely proportional to income, and progressive income taxes should finance the system. To promote economic growth, the systems should be financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, and should not be prefunded except for an emergency reserve. The fiscal policy recommendations partially depend upon the theory developed by Abba Lerner in the 1940s, and recently advanced by Wynne Godley and Randy Wray: Lerner's “principle of functional finance.”     

John Stuart Mill's Theories of Wealth and Income Distribution

Although he was much influenced by David Ricardo when he wrote the classical part of his Principles , John Stuart Mill was not a Ricardian when he penned his theories of wealth and distribution. They are based on a triple foundation. First, a belief that economics is a moral discipline. Second a theory of custom-driven human behavior. Third, an empirically formed conviction that the institutions of state, education and business cooperate to structure the distribution of income. On the basis of these presuppositions, Mill formulated 1) an institutional theory of the formation of human and non-human wealth and 2) an even more institutional theory of distribution demonstrating how the aforementioned institutions malignantly skew the distribution of income to the advantage of the propertied classes and to the extreme disadvantage of the working class. As a social economist, Mill recommended institutional reforms designed to eradicate the poverty of the working class.     

Forecasting the price of gold

This article seeks to evaluate the appropriateness of a variety of existing forecasting techniques (17 methods) at providing accurate and statistically significant forecasts for gold price. We report the results from the nine most competitive techniques. Special consideration is given to the ability of these techniques to provide forecasts which outperforms the random walk (RW) as we noticed that certain multivariate models (which included prices of silver, platinum, palladium and rhodium, besides gold) were also unable to outperform the RW in this case. Interestingly, the results show that none of the forecasting techniques are able to outperform the RW at horizons of 1 and 9 steps ahead, and on average, the exponential smoothing model is seen providing the best forecasts in terms of the lowest root mean squared error over the 24-month forecasting horizons. Moreover, we find that the univariate models used in this article are able to outperform the Bayesian autoregression and Bayesian vector autoregressive models, with exponential smoothing reporting statistically significant results in comparison with the former models, and classical autoregressive and the vector autoregressive models in most cases.     

Planned adaptation in risk regulation: An initial survey of US environmental, health, and safety regulation

In principle, we want regulatory programs to be based on current realities, as reflected for example in the best knowledge of relevant experts. That would imply that old rules now on the books should be consistent with today's knowledge base, not just what was known when a rule or standard was originally set. This paper reports on a survey of US programs, examining how often existing rules are actually updated in light of better knowledge, and identifies five programs that attempt to make policy routinely adaptive. These programs exhibit what we term Planned Adaptation: they both revise rules when relevant new knowledge appears, and take steps to produce such improved knowledge. While Planned Adaptation is rare, it is used in several nationally prominent programs, including air pollution, airplane safety, and drug safety. Planned Adaptation is a policy tool that deserves more attention.     

Interest on reserves and inflation

The payment of interest on reserves has been a common practice in inflationary economies. This policy may seem paradoxical since it involves returning part of the seigniorage, generated by the inflation process, with the intention to finance the fiscal deficit. This paper argues that the motivation for this policy can be captured by the discretionary regime, where the policymaker pays interest on reserves because he is concerned with the erosion of real liquidity by inflation, which is in part beyond his control. However, this policy is an unlikely outcome in the commitment regime, where the policymaker is in full control of inflation.     

Information infrastructure: Who builds broadband networks?

This paper examines the essential difference between the U.S. and Japan, when one considers information infrastructure. There are seven perception gaps between the U.S. and Japan concerning Information Infrastructure policies. These gaps must be understood in order to compare the countries' governmental policies in this area. In looking at the present circumstances, the essential question to answer concerns who is to build, own and operate the network(s) of the infrastructure. Liberalization is certain to be a central factor in the ongoing telecommunications debates. Now that customers have had a taste of the liberalized market-place, the movement toward more open markets will be difficult to stop. When considering options, it is necessary to pay close attention to standardized network access and the increasingly important role software plays. These issues are causing us to take a new approach to the traditional role played by regulators. They also force a closer look at the appropriate structure of utility companies. This paper addresses the above issues in hopes of stimulating dialog on the new telecommunications infrastructure paradigm.     

海岛地区产业演替及资源基础分析--以舟山群岛为例

改革开放以来,舟山市产业构成发生了显著变化,其经济发展过程可以划分为三个阶段。1992年前,是以产业结构渔业占绝对地位的单一结构阶段;1993—1998年,以旅游业为主的第三产业快速发展阶段;上世纪末以来,又进入了新一轮的经济发展时期,即工业产值比重快速增加阶段。根据海岛的自然资源基础和特点,在新世纪的经济发展过程中,舟山市应定位为生态型的港口旅游城市。以港口及临港工业为主导,以海岛旅游和海洋经济为特色,大力发展第二产业和第三产业。海岛地区的主导产业应体现海岛资源优势及区位优势,以集群性环保型产业为主。同时由于海岛地区淡水资源缺乏,主导产业也应着重选择低耗水型产业。     

风险视角下企业治理结构和研发创新——基于委托代理模型的研究

本文基于委托代理模型,从风险的视角研究企业治理结构对研发创新能力的影响。本文构建了一个包含创新活动的委托代理模型进行理论分析,利用动态DEA 模型测算创新能力,并使用2015-2018年我国上市制造业企业数据进行实证检验。实证部分检验了理论结论:委托代理问题不利于企业提升研发创新能力,且客观风险和主观风险厌恶会加剧该负面影响。基于此,本文认为上市企业应根据企业自身研发活动特点有针对性地改善企业治理结构,提出了适当延长代理人任期、推动股权激励计划、提升代理人的风险承担能力等建议。