二元经济结构与城乡居民收入差距

收入分配差距过大,是当前改革和发展中面临的重大现实问题。二元经济结构是城乡居民收入差距扩大的重要原因,构建和谐社会,实现城乡统筹发展,必须逐步消除二元经济结构,扭转城乡居民收入分配差距逐渐扩大的态势。     

我国城乡居民收入差距的数理经济模型及其实证研究

深化收入分配制度改革,增加城乡居民收入是我国改革的根本目标。改革开放以来,我国的经济持续快速发展,人民的生活水平得到了很大提高,但与此同时,我国也出现了严重的居民收入差距。文章在对收入分配的影响因素进行分析的基础上,建立一个回归模型分析所有制结构的演变与居民收入的关系,进而通过协整分析和格兰杰因果检验,对二元经济结构与城乡居民收入差距之间的数量关系进行了分析和检验。研究结论表明:转型期所有制结构的演变以及二元经济结构是我国居民收入差距呈扩大趋势的根本原因,二元经济结构与城乡居民收入差距具有单向的格兰杰原因。最后针对城乡收入差距扩大的趋势提出相应的解决对策。     

我国城乡金融发展不平衡与城乡收入差距拉大的实证研究

城乡收入差距在发展中国家是一个普遍存在的问题,引起这一差距的具体原因在不同国家和地区也不尽相同.其中,城乡二元经济结构、城乡劳动生产率差异是造成城乡收入差距的一个共同的因素,而城乡金融发展的不协调也是其中重要的影响因素.本文根据1985～2006年全国的数据运用了计量方法,对我国农村金融发展相对滞后与城乡收入差距的拉大之间的关系进行了研究.本文在指标选取和计量方法上进行了一些有益的探索.     

教育投入、服务业发展与城乡收入差距——基于省际面板数据的机制分析

改善城乡二元化格局,拉动农村经济发展,是推动中国经济协调发展,实现共同富裕的重要途径。理论与实证研究表明：教育投入与服务业发展均缩小城乡收入差距。同时,教育投入对城乡收入差距表现为倒“U”形,服务业发展对其影响为正“U”形。这种非线性关系主要表现为存在门槛效应。门槛模型表明,当教育投入与服务业发展跨越单重门槛值时,两者缩小城乡收入差距的程度显著提高。从中介效应的影响机制看,两者通过政府管理效应拉大城乡收入差距,通过经济效应、人力资本效应缩小城乡收入差距。合理分配公共资源、调整产业结构成为提升农村人口质量、发展质量的重要措施。     

二元结构、经济开放与中国收入差距的变动趋势

基于城乡转换和经济开放的双重约束，结合二元经济和国际贸易价值增值理论，本文构建了一个四部门的双二元递推理论模型，力图以此来描述中国收入差距变动的总体特征和基本趋势。经验数据较好地支持了这一分析框架，研究表明，巨大城乡差距决定了中国收入差距变动总体上的“倒U”趋势，但这一趋势呈现出动态特征，并要受经济开放的影响。从根本上看，重新审视二元结构政策，消除收入分配的平均主义倾向，加快城镇化进程、逐步有序地推动对外开放，构成了优化我国收入分配结构、逐步缩小居民收入差距的基本前提。     

Who and Where：从个人与地区差异看收入差距

过度的收入分配不平等是造成社会不稳定的潜在根源,如果不能合理对待,将对我国经济发展造成重大隐忧.前些年,城乡收入差距问题曾引起政府和学界的广泛关注.实际上,由于二元结构的存在,巨大的城乡收入差距暂时还没有给我国经济造成严重的危害,理由很简单,二元结构使得人口流动性较小,在很大程度上限制了人们的视觉范围,只是和周围人的收入水平做比较.因此,我国整体的基尼系数虽然已经超过国际警戒线,但问题并没有很多经济学家说的那么严重,收入差距是相对的,在考察我国城乡收入差距时,要充分考虑到这种特殊性,区别对待.     

论城乡二元结构与农村剩余劳动力转移

长期以来,我国形成了城乡二元结构,城乡居民收入差距悬殊,经济社会发展不平衡,这些已经成为制约我国全面建设小康社会的重要因素,统筹城乡二元结构的任务迫在眉睫.     

城乡二元结构下商品流通的复杂性及发展对策

工农业的二元经济结构内生了城乡二元结构以及城乡收入差距。我国农业正处在从半自给经济向较大规模的商品经济转化的时期,农产品流通行为具有商品经济和自给经济的双重特征;与此同时,城市化、信息化和国际化相互交织使得工业品的流通正在发生着剧烈的变革。因此,农产品和工业品的流通导致城乡之间的双向经济交换远比城乡内部的交换更为复杂。文章概括了城乡二元结构下商品流通复杂性的具体表现,并提出了相应的商品流通发展对策。     

我国城乡收入差距的逻辑与解释:基于劳动力素质视角

<正>一、我国城乡收入差距存在的根本原因(一)劳动力素质差异、思想、文化和体能我国城乡收入差距长期客观存在,甚至呈现扩大趋势。国内绝大多数研究者从城乡"二元"结构出发,分析研究这种差距的"不公平性"与解决对策,但很少对这种差距存在的合理性进行关注和研究。相关研究指出:城乡劳动者的素质差异是收入差距的根本原因,我国城乡收入的差距反映城乡劳动者素质的差距,具有合理性。解决我国城乡收入差距的关键不能过分强调和试图弥合其"不公平性",制度政策的安排、体制机制的创新都应着眼于     

浙江省金融发展对城乡收入差距影响的门槛效应分析——基于面板数据分析法

我国经济在快速增长的同时,却出现了城乡收入差距扩大经济问题。浙江省作为我国经济较发达的地区,虽然城乡经济得到较好的发展,但城乡收入差距从动态上看仍表现为扩大的趋势。金融发展门槛效应导致金融发展与收入差距之间呈现"倒U型"态势。本文基于面板数据分析法检验门槛效应,实证结果表明,浙江大部分地区金融发展对城乡收入差距作用存在门槛效应,且金融发展都超越了门槛条件,金融的进一步发展会导致城乡收入差距缩小。     

Development in Information and Communications Technology (ICT) Statistics at the Australian Bureau of Statistics

This paper outlines the ICT statistical developments that the ABS has undertaken over recent years. These developments have been on both the supply side (ICT industry) and the demand side (use of IT by sector). The content of ABS ICT surveys has changed significantly over the last few years and are expected to develop further in line with industry changes and emerging policy needs.
Recent developments in household collections have been the inclusion of IT use questions in the 2001 Census of Population and Housing and in various ABS social surveys such as Children's Participation in Culture and Leisure Activities. Annual business IT use surveys are now conducted and include topics such as Internet commerce and IT security. Biennial ICT industry surveys are conducted to provide data on ICT production, imports and exports, ICT industry employment, performance and structure information. An Internet activity survey is run every six months and provides regional Internet access details and infrastructure details on Internet service providers.
A major development for 2002–03 will be the compilation of an ICT satellite account. ABS intends to produce an ICT Information Development Plan to guide its future statistical development work in the ICT field.     

Incumplimiento del salario mínimo en Europa central y oriental

En este estudio se analiza el incumplimiento del salario mínimo durante el periodo 2003–2012 en diez países de Europa central y oriental con salario mínimo obligatorio nacional. A partir de los datos de EU‐SILC y la metodología propuesta por Bhorat, Kanbur y Mayet (2013), se cuantifica la incidencia y magnitud del incumplimiento. Se realizan análisis de regresión sobre determinantes individuales, laborales y macroeconómicos. Aunque la incidencia permanece relativamente baja, los trabajadores a los que se dirigen las políticas de salario mínimo parecen los más expuestos a su incumplimiento. Con el tiempo, una mayor incidencia se asocia a una razón más alta entre salario mínimo y salario medio.     

Value at Risk in the Suburbs: Eminent Domain and the Geographical Politics of the US Foreclosure Crisis

Several US counties and local governments have recently considered a novel solution to the foreclosure crisis. They plan to use eminent domain to compel the owners of mortgage debt—and specifically of private‐label mortgage‐backed securities—to sell the debt to the government at a price reflecting the loan's market value. The government would then restructure the debt and resell it to new investors. The plans are striking because—in contrast to both development‐driven eminent domain and the federal subprime bank bailout—they would force investors to assume asset devaluation and increased long‐term risk. Notably, the plans have emerged as an instance of financialization‐focused politics in suburbs and suburban cities of color, specifically majority‐black and ‐Latino/a suburbs. Local support for the plans, we argue, is rooted in the long‐term disinvestment of these ‘suburbs of exception', which became targets of subprime lending and eventually sites where the ‘financial exception' has been localized. But these demographic shifts, fragmentation and fiscal pressures have at the same time created a suburban political terrain in which the plans have gained their strongest political support.     

Towards a Theory of Serendipity: A Systematic Review and Conceptualization

Serendipity – the notion of making surprising and valuable discoveries – plays a major role in the success of individuals and organizations alike. Previous research has established the importance of serendipity and identified important individual- and organizational-level antecedents. However, the literature has been dispersed and the boundaries of the concept have been blurry, leading to a lack of conceptual clarity and structure, and thus limiting validity and managerial actionability. Based on a systematic literature review, I synthesize existing management-related research on serendipity and explicate the emergence and composition of serendipity in the organizational context. I first identify three necessary conditions that differentiate serendipity from related concepts such as luck or targeted innovation: agency, surprise, and value. Then, I draw from the literature on sensemaking, event-based theorizing, and quantum-based approaches to management to conceptualize the process of cultivating serendipity in the organizational context as a process of enabling potentiality and materialization, and develop a multi-level theory of (cultivating) serendipity. This conceptualization contributes to our collective understanding of how, why, and when (i.e., under what conditions) organizations can leverage the value in the unexpected, which opens up fruitful avenues for further research.     

Accountability of NGOs in Bangladesh A critical overview

NGOs in Bangladesh have been recognized as effective change agents in the socio-economic arena throughout the world. Their contributions in micro credit, non-formal education and primary health care are widely known. NGOs play a significant role in society. NGO accountability, as a result, has become a critical issue. NGO accountability in Bangladesh has been examined here in relation to patrons, clients and themselves. Of the three relationships only accountability to patrons is in a near satisfactory state. Accountability to clients is handicapped by lack of opportunities of beneficiaries to participate meaningfully in NGO policy making. Accountability to themselves is adversely affected due to the adherence to a strictly hierarchical system and the influence of founding and charismatic NGO leaders.     

Towards an Asian model of human resource management? A comparative analysis of China,Japan and South Korea

There has been much discussion regarding the possible decline and weakening of national systems of human resource management (HRM). Yet, culture and institutions are often cited as the major stumbling blocks to this outcome. Such constraints may dissipate in the analysis, particularly if ‘regional clusters’ are considered where geographic and cultural closeness and ‘openness’ to similar economic pressures exist. In such cases, it might be postulated that convergence in HRM will occur. We argue that China, Japan and South Korea represent such a cluster. This article examines these countries, to see if a degree of convergence is taking place and if it is towards an identifiable ‘Asian’ model of HRM. A model of change is presented that distinguishes between levels of occurrence and acceptance. Details of the development and practice of HRM in each country are then set out. The article ends with a discussion and implications section and a brief conclusion.     

Cultural Economy Planning in Creative Cities: Discourse and Practice

While a growing body of research analyses the functional mechanisms of the cultural or creative economy, there has been little attention devoted to understanding how local governments translate this work into policy. Moreover, research in this vein focuses predominately on Richard Florida's creative class thesis rather than considering the wider body of work that may influence policy. This article seeks to develop a deeper understanding of how municipalities conceptualize and plan for the cultural economy through the lens of two cities held up as model ‘creative cities’ — Austin, Texas and Toronto, Ontario. The work pays particular attention to how the cities adopt and adapt leading theories, strategies and discourses of the cultural economy. While policy documents indicate that the cities embrace the creative city model, in practice agencies tend to adapt conventional economic development strategies for cultural economy activity and appropriate the language of the creative city for multiple purposes.     

Input/output ranges and performance: an examination of US machine tool producers

Despite the establishment of high-tech multinational enterprises (MNEs) in Ireland since the late 1950s, the country did not succeed in closing the technological gap with most of its EU counterparts. The weak National System of Innovation (NSI), and in particular low business and government R&D levels, combined with a lack of research and technology linkages between MNEs and indigenous firms, explain these poor results. However, the Shannon region in the West of the country presents some specific institutional characteristics that could theoretically make the region a strong technological enclave. The various actors in the region - i.e. the administrative, financial, political and research institutions, as well as the business organizations - have indeed infused a new type of economic development. After a brief review of the available concepts and models articulated around these actors and their interrelationships, the paper analyses whether the Shannon region, taken as an illustrative example, mirrors a specific economic and technological localized setting. The study is based on a survey of indigenous and foreign firms.     

Sixty years of discrimination and diversity research in human resource management: A review with suggestions for future research directions

This article reviews discrimination and diversity research published in Human Resource Management (HRM) over the past 60 years. While discrimination and diversity are very different constructs, it is often informative to study them together, because when people recognize each other's diversity, this can result in bias, stereotyping, and discrimination. We conducted bibliographic searches for terms related to discrimination and diversity as well as a manual search through every title and abstract published in HRM over the last 60 years to assess article relevance. The search resulted in 135 research articles with 136 unique studies (i.e., samples) which are reviewed in this article. Sex and race are the demographics that have been examined the most in HRM, while religion has been examined the least. Moreover, the number of studies examining lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) employees in the workplace in HRM has grown quickly within the past 10 years, culminating in a recent meta‐analysis. Our review looks at some of the earliest research published, the most recent research published, and the overall trends we identified in the research over the years for both discrimination and diversity articles. We then make future research suggestions and recommendations to advance the study of discrimination and diversity in the coming years.     

Multinomial distributions applied to random sampling of particulate materials

When sampling a batch consisting of particulate material, the distribution of a sample estimator can be characterized using knowledge about the sample drawing process. With Bernoulli sampling, the number of particles in the sample is binomially distributed. Because this is rarely realized in practice, we propose a sampling design in which the possible samples have a nearly equal mass. Expected values and variances of the sample estimator are calculated. It is shown that the sample estimator becomes identical to the Horvitz–Thompson estimator in the case of a large batch-to-sample mass ratio and a large sample mass. Simulations and experiments were performed to test the theory. Simulations confirm that the round-off error due to the discrete nature of particles is negligible for large sample sizes. Sampling experiments were carried out with a mixture of PolyPropylene (PP) and PolyTetraFluorEthylene (PTFE) spheres suspended in a viscous medium. The measured and theoretical variations are in good agreement.