二元经济结构与城乡居民收入差距

收入分配差距过大,是当前改革和发展中面临的重大现实问题。二元经济结构是城乡居民收入差距扩大的重要原因,构建和谐社会,实现城乡统筹发展,必须逐步消除二元经济结构,扭转城乡居民收入分配差距逐渐扩大的态势。     

我国城乡居民收入差距的数理经济模型及其实证研究

深化收入分配制度改革,增加城乡居民收入是我国改革的根本目标。改革开放以来,我国的经济持续快速发展,人民的生活水平得到了很大提高,但与此同时,我国也出现了严重的居民收入差距。文章在对收入分配的影响因素进行分析的基础上,建立一个回归模型分析所有制结构的演变与居民收入的关系,进而通过协整分析和格兰杰因果检验,对二元经济结构与城乡居民收入差距之间的数量关系进行了分析和检验。研究结论表明:转型期所有制结构的演变以及二元经济结构是我国居民收入差距呈扩大趋势的根本原因,二元经济结构与城乡居民收入差距具有单向的格兰杰原因。最后针对城乡收入差距扩大的趋势提出相应的解决对策。     

中国收入差距的变动及其原因分析：1985~2012年

本文对基于最大熵密度的GMM方法予以改进,利用收入分组数据考查中国收入差距在1985~2012年的变动趋势,并使用一种新的基于回归方程的分解方法对收入差距及其上升的原因进行分析。实证结果表明,中国总体收入差距在1985~2008年迅速扩大,但随后有所下降,隐约呈倒“U”形。占总体50%的中等和上中等收入群体一直稳定获得总收入中略高于50%的份额,符合帕尔玛“50/50法则”。城乡内部差距和城乡之间差距均呈上升趋势,而后者增长更快,对总体差距的贡献比重上升。城乡二元分割始终是全国收入差距的首要来源,而家庭规模是全国收入差距不断上升的最重要解释因素。     

中国城乡收入差距的动态变化及影响因素研究

在新古典二元经济理论框架下度量中国城乡收入差距,按照产业的耦合程度将我国30个省划分为4个综合经济区,并采用灵活性傅立叶函数对我国省际城乡收入差距的收敛性进行检验。研究发现我国大西南综合经济区的城乡收入差距具有稳定收敛的特点,二元结构发展模式弱化,符合中国城镇化进程中的发展特点。而大西北、中南（未含广东和海南）和中北综合经济区（未含陕西）的城乡收入差距均表现为发散的趋势,二元经济结构特征明显。     

中国收入分配差距的城乡分解分析

本文运用泰尔指数的分解方法,在对收入分配数据进行时间和空间的去胀处理的基础上,用1996～2008年的时间序列数据对中国总体收入差距进行了城乡分解分析.分析结果表明,近些年中国收入差距的70%以上都来自于城乡之间的收入分配差距,并且城乡间收入分配差距的扩大还是中国总体收入分配差距扩大的主要原因.要缩小城乡收入分配差距必...     

中国地区之间收入差距变化：2002—2013年

本文利用CHIP2002和CHIP2013中的城镇和农村住户调查数据，研究这一时期城乡地区之间收入差距的变化以及对全国收入差距贡献的变化。一方面，伴随着21世纪以来旨在影响收入分配问题的新政策的施行，地区之间收入差距基本上呈现显著缩小的趋势，教育和家庭结构等特征的系数效应对于城乡收入差距的影响正在减小。另一方面，不平等指数分解揭示出，地区之间收入差距对于全国收入不平等的贡献正在缩小。然而，教育的禀赋贡献仍呈现扩大趋势，这也进一步强化了人力资本对于缩小收入差距的贡献。     

中国经济发展中的收入分配及库兹涅茨倒U假设再探讨

改革开放以来中国经济保持了较高增长，与此同时居民收入分配差距也日渐扩大。本文针对中国转型经济的特点，通过三部门劳动力转移对我国经济发展中的收入分配变动趋势作出解释，利用两个时期的跨省横截面数据对库兹涅茨倒U假设进行了验证。实证结果表明，经济发展不是决定收入分配变动的主要因素，人力资本积累，特别是初等教育程度以上的人力资本积累对缩小收入分配差距有明显促进作用。     

实现共同富裕目标下我国居民收入变动的总量与结构特征

共同富裕是社会主义的本质要求和最终目标。实现共同富裕涉及“收入总量”和“分配结构”两个关键测度指标。我国国民经济与居民收入在中长期和总量层面已经呈现同步同向趋势，但在短期和分配结构层面却可能背离。研究发现：区域间城镇居民收入差距开始取代城乡收入差距，成为引起收入群体分配差距拉大的主因；新冠疫情对城镇居民增收的负向冲击显现，收入来源过于单一的风险加剧；中等收入群体分别向高收入群体和低收入群体流动特征显著，中间收入阶层数量减少，“倒金字塔型”分配结构开始呈现出“哑铃型”演化趋势。在此基础上，本文总结了他国经验和教训，提出重点聚焦创新发展与收入提高、高收入和低收入居民的收入差距、不同群体增收这三方面关系，以促进共同富裕目标的实现。     

榆林市城乡居民收入分配差距的影响因素分析及对策研究

通过文献研究、规范研究、实证研究等研究方法对榆林市城乡居民收入分配差距的影响因素进行了分析,得出影响榆林市城乡居民收入分配差距的因素主要有二元经济结构存在、产业结构不协调、转移支付制度不完善等因素,提出从统筹城乡发展、优化产业结构、完善转移支付制度方面缩小榆林市城乡居民收入分配差距。     

我国劳动收入份额下降影响因素分析

利用中国省际面板数据实证分析了近年来中国劳动收入份额持续下降的影响因素,结果表明,二元经济结构的强度和人力资本均与劳动收入份额之间呈显著负相关。基于此,认为要扭转劳动收入份额下降的趋势,根本途径是消除二元经济结构,通过提高农业的比较劳动生产率和降低城乡收入差距来加快向一元经济结构过渡。     

Incumplimiento del salario mínimo en Europa central y oriental

En este estudio se analiza el incumplimiento del salario mínimo durante el periodo 2003–2012 en diez países de Europa central y oriental con salario mínimo obligatorio nacional. A partir de los datos de EU‐SILC y la metodología propuesta por Bhorat, Kanbur y Mayet (2013), se cuantifica la incidencia y magnitud del incumplimiento. Se realizan análisis de regresión sobre determinantes individuales, laborales y macroeconómicos. Aunque la incidencia permanece relativamente baja, los trabajadores a los que se dirigen las políticas de salario mínimo parecen los más expuestos a su incumplimiento. Con el tiempo, una mayor incidencia se asocia a una razón más alta entre salario mínimo y salario medio.     

Cultural Economy Planning in Creative Cities: Discourse and Practice

While a growing body of research analyses the functional mechanisms of the cultural or creative economy, there has been little attention devoted to understanding how local governments translate this work into policy. Moreover, research in this vein focuses predominately on Richard Florida's creative class thesis rather than considering the wider body of work that may influence policy. This article seeks to develop a deeper understanding of how municipalities conceptualize and plan for the cultural economy through the lens of two cities held up as model ‘creative cities’ — Austin, Texas and Toronto, Ontario. The work pays particular attention to how the cities adopt and adapt leading theories, strategies and discourses of the cultural economy. While policy documents indicate that the cities embrace the creative city model, in practice agencies tend to adapt conventional economic development strategies for cultural economy activity and appropriate the language of the creative city for multiple purposes.     

Input/output ranges and performance: an examination of US machine tool producers

Despite the establishment of high-tech multinational enterprises (MNEs) in Ireland since the late 1950s, the country did not succeed in closing the technological gap with most of its EU counterparts. The weak National System of Innovation (NSI), and in particular low business and government R&D levels, combined with a lack of research and technology linkages between MNEs and indigenous firms, explain these poor results. However, the Shannon region in the West of the country presents some specific institutional characteristics that could theoretically make the region a strong technological enclave. The various actors in the region - i.e. the administrative, financial, political and research institutions, as well as the business organizations - have indeed infused a new type of economic development. After a brief review of the available concepts and models articulated around these actors and their interrelationships, the paper analyses whether the Shannon region, taken as an illustrative example, mirrors a specific economic and technological localized setting. The study is based on a survey of indigenous and foreign firms.     

Sixty years of discrimination and diversity research in human resource management: A review with suggestions for future research directions

This article reviews discrimination and diversity research published in Human Resource Management (HRM) over the past 60 years. While discrimination and diversity are very different constructs, it is often informative to study them together, because when people recognize each other's diversity, this can result in bias, stereotyping, and discrimination. We conducted bibliographic searches for terms related to discrimination and diversity as well as a manual search through every title and abstract published in HRM over the last 60 years to assess article relevance. The search resulted in 135 research articles with 136 unique studies (i.e., samples) which are reviewed in this article. Sex and race are the demographics that have been examined the most in HRM, while religion has been examined the least. Moreover, the number of studies examining lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) employees in the workplace in HRM has grown quickly within the past 10 years, culminating in a recent meta‐analysis. Our review looks at some of the earliest research published, the most recent research published, and the overall trends we identified in the research over the years for both discrimination and diversity articles. We then make future research suggestions and recommendations to advance the study of discrimination and diversity in the coming years.     

The Early History of the Cumulants and the Gram-Charlier Series

The early history of the Gram-Charlier series is discussed from three points of view: (1) a generalization of Laplace's central limit theorem, (2) a least squares approximation to a continuous function by means of Chebyshev-Hermite polynomials, (3) a generalization of Gauss's normal distribution to a system of skew distributions. Thiele defined the cumulants in terms of the moments, first by a recursion formula and later by an expansion of the logarithm of the moment generating function. He devised a differential operator which adjusts any cumulant to a desired value. His little known 1899 paper in Danish on the properties of the cumulants is translated into English in the Appendix.     

Capturing the Implications of Services Trade Liberalization

This paper evaluates the impact of service sector trade liberalization on the world economy by a ten-region, eleven-sector CGE model with import embodied technology transfer from developed countries to developing countries. Simulation results show that service sector trade liberalization not only directly affects world service production and trade, but also has significant implications for other sectors in the economy. The major channel of the impact is through inter-industry input-output relations and TFP growth induced from services imported by developing countries from developed countries, which may be embodied with new information and advanced technology.     

City Children and Genderfied Neighbourhoods: The New Generation as Urban Regeneration Strategy

Former industrial cities in the West are employing gentrification as urban policy. In these policies, women and families currently play an important role as gentrification pioneers. In my analysis of Rotterdam in the Netherlands, I propose the term genderfication to understand the gender dimensions of this process. Genderfication refers to the production of space for different gender relations. I analyse Rotterdam's urban planning program for becoming a ‘child‐friendly city’, which entails replacing existing urban dwellings with new, larger and more expensive ‘family‐friendly homes’ as a strategy for urban re‐generation. Urban re‐generation supplements regeneration in the form of material and economic restructuring, and refers to the replacement of part of the current population by a new and better suited generation. The ‘child‐friendly city program’ is considered in tandem with punitive ‘youth policies’.     

Hierarchical Models in Environmental Science

Environmental systems are complicated. They include very intricate spatio-temporal processes, interacting on a wide variety of scales. There is increasingly vast amounts of data for such processes from geographical information systems, remote sensing platforms, monitoring networks, and computer models. In addition, often there is a great variety of scientific knowledge available for such systems, from partial differential equations based on first principles to panel surveys. It is argued that it is not generally adequate to consider such processes from a joint perspective. Instead, the processes often must be considered as a coherently linked system of conditional models. This paper provides a brief overview of hierarchical approaches applied to environmental processes. The key elements of such models can be considered in three general stages, the data stage, process stage, and parameter stage. In each stage, complicated dependence structure is mitigated by conditioning. For example, the data stage can incorporate measurement errors as well as multiple datasets with varying supports. The process and parameter stages can allow spatial and spatio-temporal processes as well as the direct inclusion of scientific knowledge. The paper concludes with a discussion of some outstanding problems in hierarchical modelling of environmental systems, including the need for new collaboration approaches.