PRIVATIZED HOUSING AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF CONDOMINIUMS IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE: THE CASES OF POLAND, HUNGARY, SLOVAKIA, AND ROMANIA

This paper looks at the housing sector reform in Central and Eastern Europe and examines the progress to date in housing privatization and policies aimed at improving the management and condition of the existing housing stock through the establishment and operation of the condominium form of ownership. The paper compares and analyzes approaches taken in four countries with regard to four issues: (I) the legal framework and implementation strategies; (2) the role of local government housing strategies in supporting the development of viable condominium associations; (3) property management of privatized housing; and (4) financing rehabilitation and capital repair projects for condominiums. Findings include the need for a clear legal framework, competition in the property management market, more supportive local government policies, and public sector support in tackling rehabilitation finance issues.     

浅述我国房地产市场发展的非均衡表现

1998年住房制度改革取消福利分房后,住房的市场化制度得以完善,我国房地产业迅速跃入了商品住宅时代,并在有利的政治、经济环境下得以迅速发展。但我国正处于经济转轨期,且市场本身发展时间较短,市场体系很不健全,配套的法律、制度、机制有待完善,科学规范的宏观调控体系尚未形成,加之房地产产品的不可移动性、产品差异性等市场要素特有属性,房地产市场在供求总量、供求结构、区域化等方面呈现出非均衡发展状态。可以通过探索我国房地产市场的非均衡现象,以求针对房地产市场存在的问题,为宏观调控政策提供一定的依据。     

房地产住宅价格影响因素的实证分析——以沈阳市为例

住宅价格是房地产市场的晴雨表,能够反应房地产市场的供需情况,以及政策的影响。本文通过对沈阳市住宅价格影响因素进行分析,确立研究指标,并借助沈阳市2002年到2011年统计数据,运用Eviews软件对数据进行回归分析,得到沈阳市商品住宅价格变动回归方程,从而为房地产企业决策及政府制定政策提供理论依据。     

Law,Property and Ambiguity: The Uses and Abuses of Legal Ambiguity in Remaking Istanbul's Informal Settlements

What is the role of legal ambiguity in the creation and institutionalization of private property regimes? In what ways does the (ab)use of legal ambiguities affect market‐making processes? I address these questions through a detailed analysis of two large‐scale urban renewal projects in Istanbul that impose a formal private property regime on informal settlements. My research reveals that without the strategic utilization of legal ambiguities and administrative arbitrariness by public and private actors, private property cannot be easily created and hence capitalist markets cannot function efficiently. My findings challenge the assumptions of several social science traditions such as neoclassical and neoinstitutionalist economics, as well as most works within the law and economics tradition regarding the relationship between law, property and economic development. These approaches to economic development are underpinned by the legal certainty that private property entails as the most important element for an efficient economic order. However, in their unconditional support for private ownership, they fail to realize the degree of legal ambiguity and administrative arbitrariness needed to create the private property regime in the first place. As such their arguments remain theoretically and empirically incomplete. A more complete analysis of the relationship between law and economic dynamics must focus on how private property is constructed, and the extent to which legal ambiguities and loopholes are utilized in this process.     

Analysis of the Changing Influences on Traditional Households' Ownership Patterns

Sociological and economic forces have begun to alter ownership patterns in ways not yet captured by movements in the aggregate ownership rate. While demographic factors such as marital status and family structure remain influential in determining tenure choice, their impact has waned, particularly among the best educated households and those with rising real incomes. Labor market conditions, as evidenced by increasing returns to skill, are more strongly felt than ever before in the housing market. The impact on owning of being highly educated now rivals the influence of being married with minor children. Increasingly delayed ownership is a reality, even for traditional family units with 36- to 45-year-old heads that have not prospered in the labor market. The rising real cost of even relatively inexpensive suburban housing is also beginning to be reflected in a heightened impact for real family income on tenure choice. Finally, race currently is more adversely influential in determining suburban ownership for young, middle-aged minority families than it was in 1960, particularly if the household head is not well educated. We suspect this is due to racially disparate impacts of increasingly rigorous zoning regulations and higher impact fees in the suburbs.     

浅析如何加强新时期多产权建筑消防安全管理

随着社会主义市场经济体制的进一步深化,特别是近几年城市化进程和房地产开发的快速发展,多产权建筑(指一幢建筑有2个或2个以上产权单位共同使用的建筑)呈现逐步增多的趋势,有的建筑单独各自管理,有的建筑统一一家单位管理,有的建筑实行物业管理,造成了消防法律责任主体多元、法律关系复杂,消防行政执法成本加大、程序复杂、效率低。同时因多产权建筑产权隶属不同性质单位和使用功能不同等原因,使多产权建筑出现了存在火灾隐患多、整改难度大、整改资金落实涉及多个单位的问题和情况,甚至有的已经形成重大火灾隐患,如何应对这一变化,切实解决好这类建筑消防管理问题,已成为各级公安消防机构研究的重要课题。     

关于提高住宅有效购买力的几点思考

随着我国住房制度改革的推进 ,房地产业面临着前所未有的发展机遇。然而 ,几年过去了 ,我们却不得不面对住宅潜在需求和有效需求不足的尖锐矛盾。产生这一现象的原因是多方面的 ,笔者认为最主要的原因在于商品住宅价格偏高、住房金融市场发展缓慢以及住房交易市场不健全三个方面。因此 ,要使住宅产业真正成为消费热点和新的经济增长点 ,就必须努力降低现有商品住宅价格、加快住房金融市场的发展以及完善住房交易市场     

保障房建设在房地产及经济发展中的作用

在我国房地产供应市场化的过程中,市场主体的不断增强导致了房地产资源的分配出现了严重不均的状态,于是,国家对房地产业进行了数次调控。当前的保障房建设规模的迅速扩大是国家对房地产业宏观调控取得的重要成果之一。在保障房建设过程中,一方面应实现保障房建设自身的有序发展,另一方面亦应关注商品房建设的健康发展,最终使房地产资源的配置得到优化和国家整体经济的健康平稳发展。     

Moving up the Ladder or Stuck on the Bottom Rung? Homeownership as a Solution to Poverty in Urban South Africa

In the global South, policies providing property titles to low-income households are increasingly implemented as a solution to poverty. Integrating poor households into the capitalist economy using state-subsidized homeownership is intended to provide poor people with an asset that can be used in a productive manner. In this article the South African "housing subsidy system" is assessed using quantitative and qualitative data from in-depth research in a state-subsidized housing settlement in the city of Cape Town. The findings show that while state-subsidized property ownership provides long-term shelter and tenure security to low-income households, houses have mixed value as a financial asset. Although state-subsidized houses in South Africa are a financially tradable asset, transaction values are too low for low-income vendors to reach the next rung on the housing ladder, the township market. Furthermore, low-income homeowners are reticent to use their (typically primary) asset as collateral security for credit, and thus property ownership is not providing the financial returns that titling theories assume.     

The determinants of homebuilder stock price exposure to lumber: Production cost versus housing demand

We study the economic linkage between homebuilder stock market performance and commodity futures market information on a major component of building materials—lumber. The price of lumber plays a dual role in determining homebuilder profits: it represents a production input cost and serves as a future housing demand indicator. Using all US publicly listed homebuilder stocks, we show that the housing demand effect dominates the builder–lumber relationship. This effect is robust even after we control for the Federal Housing Finance Association (FHFA) housing price index (HPI). Our results further indicate that the slope of the lumber futures curve serves as a cross-market signal of future housing demand and thus of homebuilder stock market performance.     

天津滨海新区房地产业发展和住房保障体系研究

住房是人的基本权利，各国政府均十分关注。住房保障是市场经济必不可少的补充，是房地产发展的重要组成部分。滨海新区人口规模的扩大、经济的高速发展对住宅需求持续增加。然而，滨海新区在房地产市场发展过程中也暴露出一些问题。本文研究了滨海新区房地产业和住房保障体系的经济背景和社会背景，剖析了深圳和浦东新区以及英国、日本、新加坡和我国香港地区的住宅经验。通过比较分析，提出完善滨海新区房地产业和住房保障体系的具体措施。     

在全面深化改革背景下发展住房租赁市场

我国住房租赁市场的发展严重滞后于住房交易市场,大力推进住房租赁市场的建设,不仅有利于形成住房梯级消费,还有助于丰富、完善房地产市场体系和市场结构,从广度和深度上推进市场化改革。通过对租买选择无差异、租金和投资关系的分析以及信息不对称与福利经济学理论的阐述,在借鉴国外住房租赁市场成功发展经验的基础上,从加强房地产市场体系与制度建设、多元化的市场供给、市场平台的搭建、市场环境的营造、市场监管等方面对推进我国住房租赁市场的建设提出对策建议。     

买房与租房价值比较分析

本文分析和预测了房产税对房屋租赁市场的影响,揭示了买房与租房在目前法律环境下本质的趋同性。因为买房与租房的不同价值,在考虑机会成本的情况下,认为租房对个人发展、投资有利。指出个人经济环境变化、自然环境变动等因素带给购房者风险,用投资逆向思维分析买房与租房价值。同时文中还深入分析了城区商品房的稀缺性和排他性,以及经济适用房与商品房之间的相互影响,阐述了买房策略优势并将其与投资股票进行比较。     

瑞士住宅市场特征解读及启示

与其他国家相比,瑞士住宅市场有四大特征:一是瑞士居民主体以租房为主,房地产的自有化率比较低;二是瑞士的房价高,但住宅市场保持平稳,并未出现周期性的高潮阶段和低谷阶段;三是瑞士住宅市场的空置率很低;四是公共租赁房占据租赁市场的最大份额。这些特征可以为我国的房地产政策的长效机制提供借鉴。     

Private Property in the Context of Community

The dominant philosophy of private land ownership—that private property exists for the benefit of its owner and that use and ownership should be determined by market forces—is not the only philosophy in the American tradition. Classical republicanism's proprietarian perspective was equally in favor of private property, but held that private property exists for the benefit of society. This article begins by presenting the proprietarian view of private property rights, drawing on the legal scholarship where this perspective has been revived. Next, I use the case of contemporary land reform in Scotland to exemplify the rationale for this perspective. Lastly, I attempt to import the lessons of Scottish land reformers without importing their model, instead considering ways in which private land ownership might be embedded in non‐market institutions in the United States.     

关于工程开发新模式的思考

循着我国房地产市场的发展轨迹,细心的人会发现房地产开发很多新的模式不断涌现。作为为客户提供产品(住宅,厂房等),提供服务(物业,维保等)的行业,他在自我发展中不断提高,不断提升,不断改进。     

Institutionalization of ‘The Property Mind’

This essay discusses the idea of ‘the culture of property’ and whether it combines the economic and cultural explanations of gentrification. To explore the idea of a culture of property in the case of Singapore, it examines both what motivates Singaporeans to invest in real estate (e.g. nostalgic feelings, duty, guilt, moral economy, face, filial piety towards ancestors and a way to remember their origins as reasons for investing in properties in China), and the institutions in the property state of Singapore (e.g. the possibility of owning and selling public housing, collective sales legislation that encourages collective profitmaking and the pension system) that increase Singaporeans' appetite for property and make them watchers of the property market. Lastly, the essay discusses the consciousness of evictions and of class differences and notes the random and unfair nature of the property market. It ends with a call for further research on real estate and property development, and their role in increasing urban inequality.     

住房保障视角下的房地产税改革策略研究

房地产税改革不仅仅关系到中央和地方间的财事权分配、普通居民的税收负担,关系到房地产市场的稳定发展,也会对我国城镇住房保障体系的建设和创新形成制度约束.本文介绍了房地产税收政策支持住房保障体系建设的国际经验,运用经济学理论,分析了在我国当前的住房保障制度中,房地产税改革对不同类型保障性住房建设和运营的影响.在此基础上,提...     

货币供应量对我国房地产市场的溢出效应——基于DSGE模型的仿真分析

随着房地产市场与资本市场以及实体经济的关联度愈发紧密，探究货币供应量对房地产市场的溢出效应对于未来提高货币政策传导效率、促进经济平稳运行有着现实意义。通过构建包含房地产中间厂商的DSGE模型，探求货币供应量对房地产市场的影响机制与影响程度，为此在模型中引入货币冲击的外生冲击变量，以更好地模拟现实经济运行机制。仿真分析结果发现，货币供应量不直接影响房地产市场，主要通过利率水平下降与物价水平上升等传导路径对房地产市场产生正向冲击，并且这一间接影响期限短、程度深。为了促进房地产市场的健康发展，以研究结论为现实指导，从控制货币供应量、开发多样化金融产品和加强境外资金流入管理三方面提出针对房地产市场的监管策略。     

我国房地产市场已进入到信用竞争的新阶段

诚信作为一种经济、社会、文化理念,现在已经成为市场经济中的核心理念之一,在很大程度上关系到企业的生存与发展。房地产住宅与老百姓生命、财产、安全息息相关,百姓只有“安居”才能“乐业”,但是房地产市场常常因为房屋质量,开发商的承诺没有实现等问题使老百姓疲于奔波。这些都是由于房地产市场信用缺失而造成的。房地产企业要取得长远的生存和发展,在竞争中立于不败之地,不被市场淘汰,只有以诚信为本,以信用为竞争手段。