贸易成本、技术选择和外资出口企业转型——基于异质性企业贸易理论的视角

外资企业在我国加工贸易企业中占大多数.通过将异质性外资企业的转型决策引入标准异质性企业贸易模型,本文从贸易成本角度阐释了异质性外商投资企业技术选择的理论机制,模型表明:过度的可变贸易成本补贴会减小低效率企业转型激励,而适度的研发补贴却能鼓励外资企业转型升级.利用中国工业企业层面数据,研究发现,在控制了企业资本劳动比的情形下,外资出口企业中出口密集度较大的企业、加工贸易出口企业以及投资于劳动密集型行业的企业技术水平较低.通过支付更多的固定成本,外资企业能够通过使用高端技术进行出口转型.该检验结果与模型预测保持一致.本文的政策含义在于,政府应该控制对外资出口企业的可变成本优惠,补贴外资出口企业的固定研发成本,培育高质量的人力资本以提高利用外资的综合优势,辅助外资出口企业转型.     

企业异质性贸易理论的发展评述及对中国的启示

传统的基于同质企业假设的产业内贸易理论无法对企业间的异质特征做出解释;最近几年,以Melitz(2003)为代表的企业异质性贸易理论揭示出贸易自由化会使生产资源和市场份额向高效率企业重新配置,从而促进产业总体生产率的提高,开启了贸易利得的新来源。本文综述了企业异质性贸易理论的发展,分析了企业异质性贸易理论对我国出口贸易的启示,最后给出了政策建议。     

企业异质性影响出口竞争力的效应分析

根据新一新贸易理论,高生产率的企业更倾向于选择出口,低生产率的企业选择国内销售。新一新贸易理论是产业内贸易和产品间贸易的延续,是研究产品内贸易的理论依据。少数学者用中国的数据分析,得出了与新一新贸易理论相违背的结论,即生产率低的企业选择出口,而生产率高的企业选择国内销售,本文也是立足新一新贸易理论,结合前面几位学者对湖南省企业数据的实证分析及得出的结论,而从理论上阐述企业异质性影响出口竞争力的效应分析,并得出与新一新贸易理论不一致的结论：企业生产率与出口显著相关,但其相关关系不确定,因此,企业异质性是影响出口竞争力的显著因素,然而他们之间的关系具有不确定性。     

FOB 盛行之谜：贸易成本与异质性企业的 贸易术语选择

在《2010年国际贸易术语解释通则》规定的11种贸易术语中,企业收汇风险较大的FOB具有最高的使用频率。本文通过拓展现有异质性企业贸易模型,阐述了贸易成本对企业贸易术语选择行为的影响机制。该模型表明,二元经济结构、要素市场不完善和加工贸易居多是导致出口企业倾向于使用FOB成交的主要原因,贸易术语多元化能够通过增加企业出口机会改善社会福利水平,及时调整企业内外销的相对贸易成本对降低出口收汇风险和平衡我国内外需求水平至关重要。     

贸易中介研究的最新进展与评述

近年来随着异质性企业理论的兴起,对贸易中介的研究逐渐成为国际贸易领域的热点话题。本文从出口占比、影响因素和贸易利得三个层面梳理了最近五年来有关贸易中介研究的最新成果,结果表明:尽管贸易中介的筛选方法存在差异性和不完美性,但是其在世界各国出口主体中的数量比例和出口总额中的价值比例均不容小觑,不仅对企业的出口模式选择产生了影响,而且为企业、消费者和国家带来了不同的贸易利得。而出口模式是否会发生实质性转变、电子商务嵌入背景下贸易中介何去何从等许多未知领域,尚期待未来的进一步研究。     

贸易中介研究的最新进展与评述北大核心CSSCI

近年来随着异质性企业理论的兴起,对贸易中介的研究逐渐成为国际贸易领域的热点话题。本文从出口占比、影响因素和贸易利得三个层面梳理了最近五年来有关贸易中介研究的最新成果,结果表明:尽管贸易中介的筛选方法存在差异性和不完美性,但是其在世界各国出口主体中的数量比例和出口总额中的价值比例均不容小觑,不仅对企业的出口模式选择产生了影响,而且为企业、消费者和国家带来了不同的贸易利得。而出口模式是否会发生实质性转变、电子商务嵌入背景下贸易中介何去何从等许多未知领域,尚期待未来的进一步研究。     

2017年国外国际贸易学术研究综述

2017年国外国际贸易学术研究文献主要集中在传统贸易理论框架下的研究,异质性企业贸易、全球生产组织和全球价值链三个方面。传统贸易理论框架下的分析主要关注贸易开放的效应、贸易与劳动力市场以及贸易争端与贸易保护。异质性企业贸易领域文献的重点在贸易自由化的效应、进出口贸易动态和出口产品的质量选择。全球组织生产和价值链文献主要关注全球外包的边际、出口平台下的全球组织生产以及附加值贸易。与过去几年的文献相比,2017年传统贸易理论框架下的研究文献数量有较大增长,异质性企业贸易的文献数量略有下降,而全球生产组织和价值链的文献数量减少较多。     

贸易便利化、中间品进口与企业出口增加值

本文将中国工业企业数据库和中国海关贸易数据库相匹配,采用双受限Tobit模型检验了贸易便利化如何通过中间品进口提升企业出口增加值。研究发现,贸易便利化对企业出口增加值存在显著的正向促进作用,其机制主要是通过中间品进口种类增加产生的技术溢出效应、中间品进口成本下降产生的成本节约效应、上游中间品进口产生的竞争效应等实现的。进一步研究发现,贸易便利化对企业出口增加值的影响存在异质性,表现为非国有企业、一般贸易企业和资本密集型企业受到的影响更大。本文认为,应该加强基础设施建设,营造良好的制度环境,积极推进贸易便利化,扩大进口中间品种类,降低进口中间品价格,抑制上游中间品企业垄断,从而提高企业出口增加值,实现开放型经济高质量发展。     

贸易便利化、国际生产分割与出口价值构成

贸易便利化降低生产分割与贸易成本,促进国家之间的生产分工与贸易,同时改变了出口的价值构成。文章分析了贸易便利化影响国际生产分割和出口价值构成的理论机制,并在双边产业层面实证检验了贸易便利化对出口价值构成的影响,主要结论有:贸易便利化对出口本国附加值率的基本影响为负;当贸易便利化水平提高到一定程度,过度外包的生产环节回流,即贸易便利化对出口附加值率的影响存在"U"型效应;贸易便利化对出口附加值率的影响在不同国家、不同产业贸易中存在明显的异质性;贸易便利化可以通过影响国际生产分割的参与度和参与位置影响出口价值构成。     

贸易便利化措施对中国出口企业的异质性影响--基于引力模型分析

本文采用口岸效率、海关环境、规制环境和电子商务4个指标对中国2000年-2006年的贸易便利化水平进行测度。同时选取同时期中国纺织行业3654家企业的出口数据,计算企业出口的扩展边际、数量边际和价格边际,并基于引力模型实证分析中国贸易便利化水平对出口企业的影响。研究结果表明,贸易便利化对出口边际存在异质性影响,显著提升了数量边际,抑制了价格边际,并且不同的措施对扩展边际有更为复杂的作用。     

Firm heterogeneity and international trade in services

This study, using panel data on Japanese firms, analyses the relationship between services trade and firm heterogeneity. It finds that the number of firms engaged in services trade is far less than that engaged in goods trade. Further, the productivity of services traders is higher than that of domestic firms and goods trading firms, whereas the productivity of firms that export services beyond the boundary of their firm groups is higher than that of those that export services only to their affiliate firms. These results suggest that only productive firms can engage in services trade by incurring the relatively large fixed costs.     

服务贸易协定承诺的覆盖率对制造业增加值出口的影响

文章借助WTO与世界银行联合建立的Integrated Trade Intelligence Portal数据库构建服务贸易协定承诺的覆盖率指标,选取Trade in value-added数据库2005年至2015年27个国家(地区)制造业增加值出口的国内增加值和国外增加值数据,通过实证分析,得出结论:(1)服务贸易协定生效在短时间内对制造业国内增加值和国外增加值出口存在显著的促进效应,且随着生效年限增加,促进效应也在加强;(2)服务贸易协定承诺的覆盖率越高,对制造业增加值出口的促进作用越强。根据国家收入水平对服务贸易协定进行分类的异质性分析结果显示:(1)发达国家(地区)与其他国家(地区)签订服务贸易协定对其制造业增加值出口的提升没有显著正向影响,甚至表现出负面影响;(2)发展中国家(地区)之间签订的服务贸易协定能够在生效2年后显著促进发展中国家(地区)制造业国外增加值出口。     

中国出口制造业投入服务化水平测度——基于贸易增加值视角

本文根据2018版OECD-ICIO数据,采用贸易增加值测算法测度了2005-2015年中国出口制造业投入服务化水平,我们发现:在考虑出口二元结构的条件下,2005-2015年中国制造业整体投入服务化水平平均值为26.89%,呈上升趋势;国内投入服务化水平高于国外且呈现出不断"以国内服务替代国外服务"的变动趋势;相比于一般贸易,加工贸易出口制造业投入服务化水平更高但增速较缓,加工贸易国内服务投入比重较低但服务化增速较快;相比于资本和知识密集型制造业,劳动密集型制造业的高端生产性服务尤其是国内高端服务投入比重较低。     

贸易便利化对中国企业出口二元边际的影响

本文采用中国海关数据库和OECD编制的TFIs指数,从出口企业-目的地层面分析了出口目的地贸易便利化对中国企业出口二元边际的影响。研究显示:目的地贸易便利化的提升对中国企业出口额增长有显著的促进作用,但企业的出口增长是通过缩小出口产品种类数(扩展边际)、扩大产品平均出口额(集约边际)实现的。拓展分析表明:随着目的地贸易便利化水平的提升,小企业和加工贸易企业会更多地缩小出口产品种类;低收入经济体贸易便利化提升对中国企业出口扩展边际的消极影响更大。据此,企业应专业化、规模化地生产有比较优势的产品,不断提升自身生产率,积极应对贸易便利化带来的机遇和挑战。     

The effect of the Uruguay round on the intensive and extensive margins of trade

Do tariffs inhibit trade flows by limiting the entry of exporters (‘firm extensive margin’) or by restricting the average volume exported by each firm (‘firm intensive margin’)? Using a gravity equation approach, we analyze how the decrease in tariffs promoted during the 90s by the Uruguay Round multilateral trade agreement affected the trade margins of French firms for 57 sectors and 147 countries from 1993 to 2002. Our main contribution is to estimate the elasticity of trade on both margins, controlling for the unobserved heterogeneity of trade flows thanks to a three-dimensional panel and to time-varying tariffs as a measure of variable trade costs. Our results show that the number of firms exporting in a given sector to a given destination is related to the level of tariffs. But they also show that the decrease in tariffs induced by the implementation of the Uruguay Round did not lead more firms to export and that it only induced incumbent exporters to increase their shipments. We control for two problems that may affect our basic specification: tariff changes may be endogenous and zero flows are not included. Our results are confirmed — even when the extensive margin is significant, its magnitude is very small.     

Migration and servicification: Do immigrant employees spur firm exports of services?

Services play an increasingly important role in production, employment and international trade but are subject to substantially higher trade costs relative to manufactured goods. Knowledge of how these trade costs can be mitigated is important for facilitating trade of services. In this paper, we analyse the role of immigrant employees as facilitators of firm exports of services, a role that remains largely unexamined. We bridge the gap in existing research by drawing on new data for nearly 30,000 Swedish firms during the period 1998–2007 within a heterogeneous firm framework. The results have important policy implications. As the multilateral approach to facilitating trade is challenged and more countries are imposing measures to restrict the cross‐country mobility of people, policymakers may need to find new ways to promote exports of services. Our results indicate that immigrant employees spur firms' export of services activities: hiring one additional foreign‐born worker can increase services exports by approximately 2.5 per cent, on average, with a stronger effect found for skilled and newly arrived immigrants. Therefore, policymakers could leverage the findings of this study to implement initiatives that utilise high‐skilled immigrants to promote services exports.     

Firm heterogeneity in services trade: Micro-level evidence from eight OECD countries

This paper shows that smaller and less productive firms, as well as first-time exporters, are overproportionally affected by services trade barriers using micro-data from Belgium, Finland, Germany, Italy, Japan, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States. For these firms, both the propensity to export and export volumes to less restrictive destinations are significantly higher than to more restrictive destinations. In contrast, policy barriers measured by the OECD Services Trade Restrictiveness Index (STRI) do not affect export decisions of the largest, most productive and experience services firms. The pattern holds for two major modes of supply, cross-border services exports and foreign affiliate sales of services firms. The findings are consistent with firm sorting mechanisms in trade models with heterogeneous firms and hysteresis of export participation in the presence of sunk export costs.     

中美农产品贸易收益核算及贸易摩擦的影响分析

在全球生产分割的背景下,海关统计数据由于包含大量重复计算的成分,并不能真实反映一国某部门的贸易收益情况。文章通过构建跨国投入产出模型,定义增加值出口为衡量双边贸易收益的指标,从增加值出口变化趋势、行业分布情况及贸易收益的实现方式,分别剖析2000~2014年中美两国农产品各部门的增加值出口情况。发现中美农产品双边贸易的盈余方实为中国,农产品行业的大量增加值隐藏在本国的其他部门中出口。中国市场对美国农业经济的拉动作用在提升,两国农产品行业实现收益的方式不同,中国越来越趋向于附加值含量低的粗加工中间品出口。两国农产品贸易关系紧密,对第三国市场的依赖不断下降,中美贸易摩擦对两国农产品行业的收益都将造成较大的冲击。     

美国技术贸易壁垒新动向分析与辽宁省对策选择

自金融危机以来,美国经济持续低迷,为了保护本国市场和贸易利益,美国陆续颁布和实施了多项新技术贸易壁垒措施,这些新技术贸易壁垒措施对辽宁省出口贸易产生了较大的影响。通过研究美国技术性贸易壁垒,客观地分析了新技术贸易壁垒对辽宁省出口贸易产生的影响,并且给出了行之有效的对策建议。     

The great trade collapse and the Spanish export miracle: Firm‐level evidence from the crisis

We provide novel evidence on the microstructure of international trade during the 2008 financial crisis and subsequent global recession by exploring a rich firm‐level data set from Spain. The focus of our analysis is on changes at the extensive and intensive firm‐level margins of trade, as well as on performance differences (jobs, productivity and firm survival) across firms that differ in their export status. We find no adverse effects of the financial crisis on foreign market entry or exit, but a considerable increase in the export intensity of firms after the financial crisis. Moreover, we find that exporters were more resilient to the crisis than non‐exporters. Finally, while exporters showed a significantly more favourable development of total factor productivity after 2009 than non‐exporters, aggregate productivity declined substantially in a large number of industries in Spanish manufacturing. We also briefly explore two factors that might help explain the surprisingly strong export performance of Spain in the aftermath of the great trade collapse: improved aggregate competitiveness due to internal and external devaluation and a substitutive relationship between domestic and foreign sales at the firm level.