利率期限结构与宏观经济因素的动态相依性——基于VAR模型的经验研究

利率期限结构的变化受到各种宏观经济冲击的影响,宏观经济冲击通过利率期限结构的变化影响到资产收益曲线。文章通过估计和检验结构VAR模型,发现货币冲击、供给冲击和价格冲击都对短期利率产生了持续显著的影响,而对长期利率则没有显著作用效果。宏观经济冲击只对收益曲线的截距参数具有显著影响,而对收益曲线的斜率参数和曲率参数的影响微弱。     

中国利率期限结构中的宏观经济风险因素分析——基于宏观-金融模型的研究途径

本文应用宏观-金融模型对我国利率期限结构动态过程中的时变宏观经济风险价格进行定量估计,在此基础上,对利率期限结构的预期成分和风险溢价成分进行分解,并且模拟了宏观经济对利率期限结构的冲击效应。研究结果表明,我国利率期限结构中存在着显著的时变宏观经济风险价格;不同期限利率可以明显地分解出预期成分和风险溢价成分,风险溢价成分的变动具有阶段性特点;宏观经济冲击在短期内对利率期限结构的整体水平与坡度均有明显影响,在长期内则仅对整体水平的影响较为明显。因此,我国利率期限结构可以体现出宏观经济形势的变化,应该进一步提高利率期限结构在货币政策制定中的作用。     

利率期限结构内含的宏观经济信息——基于TVP-VAR模型的时变参数研究

本文利用动态Nelson Siegel模型估计国债利率期限结构,并构建时变参数向量自回归(TVP-VAR)模型研究利率期限结构与宏观经济之间的关系,从中探寻利率期限结构隐含的宏观经济信息。研究结果表明,总体上我国利率期限结构的调整与经济运行相匹配,利率期限结构发挥了对经济周期和通货膨胀的"指示器"作用;我国利率期限结构在形态及变化特征上与成熟市场经验相比存在偏差,且货币政策利率对利率期限结构变化的反应不够灵敏;相比经济周期和通货膨胀而言,我国利率期限结构没有明确体现出货币政策利率调控的信息。这些结论为我们进一步健全国债利率期限结构、完善货币政策传导机制提供思路。     

中国利率期限结构与宏观经济运行的关系——基于动态Nelson-Siegel模型的研究

本文突破了传统上用几个关键期限利率的组合作为利率期限结构的代理变量,而是选用动态Nelson-Siegel模型估计出的潜在因子。且经验证明,本文选择的潜在因子较传统方法能更好地体现中国银行间国债市场的利率期限结构特征。同时,本文研究发现宏观经济在边际上影响着利率期限结构,其主要是实体经济(CPI和工业增加值)对斜率和曲度的影响,而对利率期限结构的平位移动没有明显影响。原因是中国存在着利率管制,而更为重要的是银行作为中国银行间国债市场的交易主体,其资金面较为宽松和稳定,有足够的资金用于国债交易。因此各期限国债利率无法对宏观经济变量作出及时响应。     

我国宏观经济变量影响国债利率期限结构的实证研究

本文在分析我国国债利率期限结构特征的基础上,实证研究了宏观经济变量对国债利率期限结构的影响。本文首先采用因子模型分析了我国的利率期限结构,并提取了水平因子和斜率因子;然后使用逐步回归法和全局筛选法,分组对各类宏观经济变量进行分析,选取了一组对收益率曲线有显著影响的宏观经济变量;最后使用多变量误差修正模型,分别分析了宏观变量对收益率曲线两个因子的影响。研究结果表明,水平因子和斜率因子对收益率曲线变动的解释力度分别为78%和14%。经济增长预期、货币市场利率水平以及新增信贷对收益率曲线变动的水平因子具有显著解释力,而货币市场利率水平和美元指数波动对收益率曲线变动的斜率因子具有显著解释力。短期内,经济增长类指标对水平因子的影响非常显著,而物价类指标对水平因子影响不显著。货币市场利率水平既是水平因子,也是斜率因子的重要影响因素。     

中国国债利率期限结构的宏观经济效应与预测能力研究

中国国债收益率曲线与宏观经济指标的关联关系和先行关系是宏观调控和金融市场的共同关注点,其中的非线性和时频特征有待拓展研究。基于2006—2022年国债收益率曲线数据,运用动态NS模型拟合国债利率期限结构的研究发现,国债利率期限结构呈现一定的周期性波动特征,随着到期期限的延长,收益率曲线呈逐渐收敛的趋势。运用分位数向量自回归模型研究不同经济水平下国债利率期限结构对宏观经济指标的非线性影响发现,国债收益率水平因子和斜率因子对产出和通货膨胀的影响主要呈现负向效应,当宏观经济处于不同水平时,这种负向效应存在非线性特征,尤其在高经济增长且高通货膨胀时期影响强度更大。采用小波相位谱方法探究时频维度上国债利率期限结构对宏观经济指标预测能力的动态变化发现,水平因子和斜率因子对产出有较强的预测能力,而对通货膨胀的预测能力在2019年后有所弱化。因此,未来应进一步促进国债市场建设,加强国债收益率期限结构监测,优化财政货币政策协调机制。     

中国利率期限结构 与宏观经济运行的关系

本文突破了传统上用几个关键期限利率的组合作为利率期限结构的代理变量,而是选用动态Nelson Siegel模型估计出的潜在因子。且经验证明,本文选择的潜在因子较传统方法能更好地体现中国银行间国债市场的利率期限结构特征。同时,本文研究发现宏观经济在边际上影响着利率期限结构,其主要是实体经济(CPI和工业增加值)对斜率和曲度的影响,而对利率期限结构的平位移动没有明显影响。原因是中国存在着利率管制,而更为重要的是银行作为中国银行间国债市场的交易主体,其资金面较为宽松和稳定,有足够的资金用于国债交易。因此各期限国债利率无法对宏观经济变量作出及时响应。     

国债收益率曲线与宏观经济相关性的实证研究

因子模型是分析收益率曲线变动的模型,而收益率曲线变动通常可以用水平、斜率、曲度等三个因子来解释.本文对2002年1月到2005至7月上交所国债的收益率曲线变动的因子模型进行了实证研究,结果表明:水平因子可以解释月度收益率曲线变动的76%,斜率因子可以解释变动的19%.以不同期限利率的月变动额为因变量,以水平因子和斜率因子为自变量,构建预测模型,可以分析宏观经济变动对不同期限利率的影响.     

利率期限结构——宏观经济波动态势的“指示器”

利率期限结构作为利率管理的重要内容,在我国货币政策制定中的参考作用也日益加强.一方面,利率期限结构是金融市场状态与宏观经济运行情况的重要表现,参考利率期限结构有助于提高我国货币政策的前瞻性;利率期限结构中包含的经济信息有助于政策制定部门准确地判断宏观经济的发展趋势,进而合理引导市场参与者的投资行为,保证金融市场的稳定、减少宏观经济的波动.另一方面,利率期限结构反应了不同期限利率之间的变动差异,有助于提高我国货币政策的有效性.利率期限结构的变动情况不但可以体现出货币政策的紧缩性与扩张性,而且可以从一定程度上体现出我国货币政策传导机制是否顺畅.所以,参照利率期限结构可以对货币政策的执行效果进行综合评价与分析,进而提高货币政策的有效性.本文对国内外学者关于利率期限结构与宏观经济联合动态性的研究成果进行了系统梳理与评述.     

货币政策对利率期限结构的影响——基于动态Nelson-Siegel模型的实证分析

以中国人民银行发行的央票利率为货币政策变量,以动态Nelson-Siegel模型为基础构造动态因子模型,采用卡尔曼滤波估计利率期限结构因子,与货币政策变量一起建立误差修正模型,以此分析货币政策对利率期限结构的短期动态影响和长期均衡影响;同时基于中国银行间市场债券交易数据进行的实证分析表明:货币政策和利率期限结构之间的短期动态影响表现出非对称性,即债券市场对货币政策变化的反应较为迟缓,但货币政策对市场利率的变化反应敏锐。而长期均衡关系则表明,货币政策对银行间债券市场利率期限结构有显著影响,但银行间债券市场对央行的利率调控目标不敏感,不能形成明确预期。另一方面,货币政策对目标利率的市场引导效果十分敏感,银行间市场债券交易信息是央行制定货币政策的依据。     

Australian financial firms’ exposures to the level,slope, and curvature of the interest rate term structure

This study examines the risk exposure of Australian financial firms to changes in the term structure of interest rates. Non-linearity in the interest rate term structure is captured by the three-factor model of interest rate level, slope, and curvature. We observe that financial firms have negative exposures to the interest rate level, while non-financial firms have positive exposures. This finding suggests that financial firms need to hedge against rising interest rates, while non-financial firms need to hedge against falling interest rates. Small banks and insurance companies have a positive risk exposure to the slope factor, while real estate firms have a negative risk exposure to the curvature factor. Though the interest rate level is the most important factor, ignoring the slope and curvature factors could lead to underestimating a financial firm’s overall interest rate risk exposure. These findings are robust to controlling for the orthogonalized market return, time-varying equity risk premium, and the global financial crisis. This study offers practical tools to regulators, such as the Reserve Bank of Australia and Australian Prudential Regulatory Authority for assessing interest rate risk exposures of the financial and non-financial sectors.     

Does Shariah compliance make interest rate sensitivity of Islamic equities lower? An industry level analysis under different market states

This paper examines the sensitivity of the Dow Jones Islamic market index and its corresponding industry equity indices to changes in the level, slope and curvature of the U.S. term structure of interest rates over the period 1996–2015 using the quantile regression approach. The empirical results reveal that the Islamic stock market has a considerable negative exposure to interest rate risk, although a declining time pattern of interest rate sensitivity is observed. The unexpected changes in the level factor of the U.S. yield curve, closely linked to long-term interest rates, are identified as the most important interest rate factor in explaining the variability of Islamic equity returns. Furthermore, the interest rate exposure tends to be stronger during extreme bearish conditions in the stock market, possibly due to the greater pessimism and risk aversion under these market circumstances. It is also shown that Islamic equities are not different from their mainstream counterparts in terms of interest rate sensitivity, indicating that the Islamic stock market does not provide a cushion against interest rate risk.     

Are Dow Jones Islamic equity indices exposed to interest rate risk?

The Dow Jones Islamic Market indices (DJIMI) are constructed by screening out stocks that are incompatible with Islam's prohibition of interest and certain lines of business. However, as a blunt instrument, the interest rate can affect discounted cash flows of any firm, even a firm with no financial leverage. This study reveals that the aggregate portfolio of Islamic stocks is immune to interest rate risk. However, at the sectoral level some Islamic equity portfolios demonstrate exposure to interest rate risk. Overall, evidence of interest rate risk exposure is less pronounced among Islamic sector portfolios than that of their mainstream counterparts—the Dow Jones World sector indices. The results also hold when interest rate risk is assessed in terms of the sensitivity of the DJIMI return to changes in level, slope and curvature of the interest rate term structure.     

Interest rate,size and book-to-market effects in Australian financial firms

The Fama–French three-factor model (1993) has been extensively used to study the pricing of nonfinancial stocks. This study provides the first examination of the pricing of Australian financial stocks using the Fama–French framework. The four-factor model (market, size, book-to-market and momentum) augmented with the level, slope and curvature of the interest rate term structure is used to examine the pricing of Australian financial stocks. The interest rate factors have not been previously considered for pricing Australian stocks within the Fama–French framework. Consistent with US evidence, we use a system-based estimation to show that the size and book-to-market factors are not priced in the cross section of the equity returns of Australian financial stocks. Momentum and term spread are priced in the equity returns of both financial and nonfinancial stocks. These findings are robust to the inclusion of control variables such as default spread, the inflation rate and a dummy variable for the global financial crisis.     

The Sovereign Yield Curve and the Macroeconomy in China

A dynamic Nelson–Siegel model is adopted to estimate three time‐varying factors of yield curves, the level, the slope and the curvature, and a vector autoregressive model is built to study interactions between macro variables and the yield curve. Results show that, first, money supply growth is a more effective instrument to curb inflation than the monetary policy interest rate; however, the central bank also adjusts the interest rate to stabilize money supply. Second, investment is an important measure to stimulate the Chinese economy, but it also pushes up money supply growth, which results in higher inflation. Third, the yield curve reacts significantly to innovations to investment growth and money supply growth. The segmentation of China's bond market hinders the efficient implementation of monetary policy, and the monetary policy transmission mechanism is still weak in China. Finally, interactions between the yield curve and the macroeconomy in China are nearly unidirectional. Macroeconomic variables reshape the yield curve, but direct adjustments of the yield curve do not significantly change macroeconomic variables. Due to the incomplete liberalization of financial markets, there exists a wide disjunction between the real economy and financial markets in China.     

On the neglect of foreign exchange risk premiums

This note discusses the slope coefficient of a linear regression of the rate of exchange rate depreciation on the interest differential. It is shown that the variance of the rationally expected rate of depreciation exceeds the variance of the foreign exchange risk premium if that coefficient exceeds the value 0.5 (and vice versa). Empirical results indicating that the variance of the risk Premium typically exceeds the variance of the rationally expected rate of depreciation are presented.     

我国汇率与存款利率的关系研究：2000.1-2007.8

本文通过对2000年1月到2007年8月期间的人民币汇率与利率的关系进行了格兰杰因果检验,并采用单位根检验,建立VAR模型,通过脉冲响应函数和方差分解分析了二者的关系。结果表明,汇率变动影响着居民储蓄存款利率的变化较为显著,而居民储蓄存款利率影响汇率变动的力度较弱。我国存在着阻碍汇率利率联动的制度、经济等因素。     

News Sentiment: A New Yield Curve Factor

The authors show that sentiments from newspaper articles can explain and predict movements in the term structure of U.S. government bonds. This effect is stronger at the short end of the curve, coinciding with greater volatility and investors' need to continually reassess the Fed's reaction function. Facing such uncertainty, market participants rely on news and sentiment as a central element in their decision-making process. Considering this dependence, the authors propose a new yield curve factor—news sentiment—that is distinct from the 3 established yield curve factors (level, slope, and curvature) as well as from fundamental macroeconomic variables.