中国地方政府支出粘蝇纸效应的评估——基于政治关联的视角

粘蝇纸效应是财政分权框架下的重要问题之一.本文基于政治关联的视角,将中共中央委员比率作为转移支付的工具变量,对粘蝇纸效应中转移支付的内生性问题进行了处理,并利用中国省级面板数据,对中国地方政府支出的粘蝇纸效应的大小进行了估计.结果显示,中国地方政府支出存在粘蝇纸效应,增加1个单位转移支付会增加0.639个单位地方政府支出,增加1个单位居民收入则只增加0.139个单位政府支出.本文还分东中西部对中国不同地区地方政府支出的粘蝇纸效应水平的差异进行了研究,结果显示,东部地区不存在粘蝇纸效应,中部和西部地区均存在粘蝇纸效应,且中部地区粘蝇纸效应更大.     

西部大开发有助于缩小西部地区的收入不平等吗——基于双倍差分法的经验研究

本文采用双倍差分法考察了西部大开发对中国西部地区收入不平等的影响效应及其作用机制。结果表明:西部大开发显著地缩小了中国西部地区的收入不平等,在选用衡量收入不平等的不同指标和控制其它影响因素后,这一结论依然稳健;通过进一步研究发现,西部大开发主要通过吸收外资、提高城市化水平和财政支农支出规模的途径来缩小西部地区的收入不平等。     

政府支出、效率改进与经济增长--基于面板数据随机系数模型的实证研究

理论上,政府支出可提高全要素生产率和(或)单个要素产出效率。本文采用面板数据随机系数模型对政府支出的影响进行了实证研究。结果表明:政府支出规模大的地区,政府支出可提高全要素生产率,但会降低单个要素效率;而政府支出规模较小的地区,其政府支出可改善单个要素效率,但对全要素生产率的影响显著为负。总体上,政府支出规模越大,资本和劳动的产出效率越低,说明政府干预会降低经济资源的配置和使用效率。因此,前者可适当降低政府支出规模,同时加大对技术研发的支持力度;而后者由于市场竞争使技术创新成为经济主体的自觉行动,其技术进步不需要扩大政府支出的激励,政府支出应主要用于改善资本和劳动的效率。     

基于经济增长模型的地方财政支出结构分析

通过构建一个最大经济增长率下的财政支出结构模型,对我国东部、中部和西部财政支出结构与经济增长进行了实证分析,认为东部、中部地区的基本建设支出对经济增长有促进作用,而西部地区应该削减竞争性领域的基本建设投资规模;中部地区要合理配置财政支农支出资金,提高支农支出的产出弹性,而西部地区支农支出远未达到最优支出规模,因此,更要采用多种方式增加农业和农村基础设施建设;东、中部地区科教文卫支出的产出弹性较大,对经济增长的贡献较大,而西部地区科教文卫支出的产出弹性较小;东、中、西部的行政管理支出均对地方经济增长产生正效应,这表明,三个地区行政管理支出有很强的产出弹性,地方经济的发展需要政府积极干预。     

什么类型产业政策更能促进全要素生产率增长？——来自35个工业行业数据的证据

产业政策是影响全要素生产率的重要因素。文章选取2000—2020年35个工业行业为研究样本,重点考察产业政策中倾斜式扶持政策、行业规模政策、行业技术政策对全要素生产率的影响效应。研究结果显示,行业倾斜式扶持政策、行业技术政策对全要素生产率增长的影响效应为负,行业规模政策对全要素生产率增长的影响效应不显著;行业技术政策对全要素生产率增长具有双重效应,即短期内以财政科技支出和促进技术进步的减免税为代表的行业技术政策对全要素生产率增长的影响效应显著为负,而中长期行业技术政策对全要素生产率增长具有明显的促进作用。     

政府支出规模扩张机制研究——基于动态空间面板Durbin模型

本文运用动态空间面板Durbin模型对影响地方政府规模扩张的因素进行了实证检验,发现增量预算机制的存在使支出规模呈膨胀趋势。短期内,财政分权直接效应显著为正,间接效应为负,总体上仍显著推动了政府支出规模的扩张;长期来看,直接效应显著为正,间接效应和总效应不显著为正,长期影响甚微。瓦格纳法则在该时期不成立,短期人均GDP的提高导致政府支出规模缩小,长期而言,它对政府支出规模没有实质影响。市场化程度的提高对政府支出规模当期效应显著为正,但短期或长期累积效应都不显著。城镇化、人口等需求因素对政府支出规模的影响不显著。     

东西部地方政府农业财政支出比较研究

从规模、结构与效率三个方面对我国东西部地区地方政府财政支农支出状况进行比较分析,研究结果显示,东部地区地方政府的农业财政支出的绝度规模总体上要大于西部地区,增长稳定性也好于西部地区;东部地区财政支农支出占财政总支出的比重要低于西部地区,但其财政支农力度要略大于西部地区;2003年以前西部地区地方政府农业财政支出结构的合理性和效率都不如东部,但2003年以后西部地区地方政府支农资金的效率超过了东部地区。     

地方政府治理对科技创新的作用机制：理论与实证

地方政府治理是国家治理体系中的重要组成部分,在科技创新的过程中发挥着主导作用。分析地方政府治理对科技创新的影响,并探讨在不同前提下,地方政府治理对于科技创新影响的阶段性特征,研究发现：地方政府治理水平的提升能够显著促进地区科技创新能力的提高;地方政府治理对科技创新的促进作用存在区域异质性,东部地区政府治理水平的提升对科技创新的促进作用最大,中部地区次之,西部地区最弱;地方政府治理对科技创新的影响具有非线性特征,地方政府治理对科技创新的影响在地方政府治理水平、民生服务水平、法治环境状况等方面具有显著的门槛效应。因此,要加快地方政府治理能力建设,尤其是中西部地区政府治理能力建设,扩大民生服务支出规模,加强知识产权保护,最大程度发挥地方政府治理对科技创新的促进作用。     

东西部地方政府农业财政支出比较研究

从规模、结构与效率三个方面对我国东西部地区地方政府财政支农支出状况进行了比较分析,研究结果显示：东部地区地方政府的农业财政支出的绝对规模总体上要大于西部地区,增长稳定性也好于西部地区;东部地区财政支农支出占财政总支出的比重要低于西部地区,但其财政支农力度要略大于西部地区;2003年以前西部地区地方政府农业财政支出结构的合理性和效率都不如东部,但2003年以后西部地区地方政府农业财政支出结构得到实质性的优化,支蓰资金的效率也超过了东部地区。     

财政科技支出对全要素生产率的影响及其机理分析

对2007—2017年我国全要素生产率的时序变化进行分析,再以省际面板数据为样本,探究财政科技支出对全要素生产率的影响及其作用机理。研究发现,财政科技支出对全要素生产率增长具有正向驱动效应,且这种正向驱动具有显著的动态效应和区域异质性、市场异质性。具体表现为:我国的东部地区最为显著,中部地区最小;市场化程度高的省(区、市)最为显著,市场化程度低的省(区、市)相对较弱。进一步检验发现,财政科技支出主要通过提升技术创新水平、抑制产业结构偏离促进全要素生产率增长。基于此,我国要进一步健全财政科技投入体系,有效加强对创新活动的支持力度,坚定不移地推进市场化改革,提升中西部地区的市场化水平,同时财政科技支出适度向非国有企业倾斜,有效提升财政科技支出的靶向性。     

Effects of government expenditure on private investment: Canadian empirical evidence

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between government expenditures and private investment in Canada during the period 1961 to 2000. To this end, effects of five categories of government expenditures on investment are examined within the cointegration and error-correction framework. The empirical results show that government expenditure on education and health has positive effects whereas government expenditures on capital and infrastructure have negative effects on private investment. The other expenditure categories, including government expenditure on protection of persons and property, expenditure on debt charges, and expenditure on government and social services have no significant effects on private investment.I wish to thank Baldev Raj for his valuable comments on this study which have led to an important improvement in the paper. I would also like to thank my colleagues Tomson Ogwang, Paul Bowles, Jalil Safaei, and an anonymous referee for their comments. However, the usual disclaimer applies.First version Received: May 2002/Final version received:20 May 2004     

REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES IN YUGOSLAVIA

Regional distribution of government expenditures is examined first in relation to other indicators of economic and social development. This shows both the magnitude of regional disparities and the degree of redistribution in the field of government expenditures brought about by the federal subsidy. The static aspect of regional disparities is analysed by decomposing per capita income into demographic, employment and productivity components. The time-dimension of disparities is analysed by introducing the concept of time-distance, which is a dynamic measure of disparity that is complementary rather than competitive with existing static measures.
Institutional aspects are explored next, along with some implications of the present system of federal subsidy as an instrument towards regional equalization of the budgetary resources available to lower levels of government. A few alternative technical solutions to improve the present system are discussed and a set of macro-variables is suggested as a framework within which the degree of equalization, which is basically a political decision, could be discussed in an explicit and systematic way. While the question of the appropriate degree of equalization remains a problem with many facets, it can be shown that government expenditures have been distributed much more equally than the corresponding levels of regional economic activity.     

The macroeconomics of unbalanced growth and the expanding public sector: Some simple tests of a model of government growth

A now classic model of public sector growth is Baumol's (1967) ‘Macroeconomics of Unbalanced Growth’. That model implies that one cause of public sector expenditure growth is a low or zero rate of productivity growth in the public sector relative to the private sector. Previous studies have tested, and partially confirmed, the Baumol hypothesis by computing productivity indices for various public sector activities. In this paper I attempt to test that model in a more direct manner. The unbalanced growth model is used to predict growth rates of per capita government expenditures, government's share of GNP and the pattern of government expenditure growth. These predictions are compared with observed growth rates of aggregate government expenditures. The model predicts the growth rate aggregate government expenditures, the growth rate of government's share of GNP, and the pattern of government expenditure growth reasonably well, and the data tend to support the Baumol model.     

FUNCTIONAL ESTIMATES OF JAPANESE GOVERNMENT DOMESTIC EXPENDITURES, FISCAL 1952–1963

The purpose of the paper is to describe current and constant price estimates of Japanese central and local government postwar domestic expenditures by economic type and function recently completed by Miss Yoshiko Kido, International Christian University, Tokyo, and myself. The rationale of the functional classification is to estimate those government expenditures which enhance the economy's productive capacity. Expenditures are divided into four broad functional categories: developmental, disaster repair and prevention, social welfare, and general government. These four categories are subdivided to two levels of disaggregation. We were able to break down government fixed investment, government enterprise inventory investment, current domestic transfers and subsidies into 42 functional components. For constant price series, each functional component by economic type was deflated by separate price indexes. We followed the Economic Planning Agency's procedure for the official national accounts of assuming no productivity change in the provision of government services. Our results are generally comparable to the official national accounts estimates. The major difference is that we attribute considerably more fixed investment to local governments, and correspondingly less to the central level. Government expenditures had the following characteristics. Growth was rapid; in real terms the public sector use of the economy's resources in 1963 was 2.2 times more than in 1952. The elasticity of government expenditures to GNP was unity in current prices, slightly less in real terms. The government postwar share in GNP has been smaller than in European nations and, unlike them, was not rising. This reflects the underlying growth strategy of emphasis upon private business fixed investment. Government consumption expenditures declined relative to GNP, and investment rose. Developmental expenditures comprised the largest share (40–45 per cent) of the government total. The elasticities to GNP of government expenditures by economic and functional categories are provided and discussed. A simple test was made of the cyclical relationship of government expenditures (both total and by category) to GNP. The results suggest that government expenditures, rather than contra-cyclical, were pro-cyclical in effect.     

THE DISTRIBUTIONAL CONSEQUENCES OF GOVERNMENT SPENDING AND TAXATION IN THE U.S., 1989 AND 2000

We assess the effects of government expenditures and taxation on household economic well-being in the United States in 1989 and 2000. Net government expenditure is estimated as the difference between government expenditures incurred on behalf of the household sector—transfers and public consumption—and the taxes paid by that sector. We incorporate the estimates of net government expenditures into a wealth-adjusted measure of income. We find that overall inequality in our income measure is considerably reduced by net government expenditures. Results from decomposition analysis show that the inequality-reducing effect of net government expenditures owed more to expenditures than to taxes.     

How does public spending affect technical efficiency? Some evidence from 15 European countries

The relationship between government size and economic growth has been widely debated. Revisiting the subject from a distinct angle with respect to the mainstream approach, we provide an empirical analysis of the impact of government size on technical efficiency. The aim of this paper is to estimate the impact of public sector's size and of public expenditure components on 15 European countries’ technical efficiency from 1996 to 2014 by using a True Random Effect model. Using the total public expenditure as a proxy for the government size we estimate simultaneously national optimal production function and technical efficiency by controlling for income distribution and institutional quality. Our main findings show that the effect of public sector's size on efficiency is positive while the type of public expenditures may have both positive and negative impact. In more details, results suggest that education and health expenditures have a positive effect on technical efficiency, while others have a negative impact.     

关于公共支出与经济增长的国内外研究综述

公共支出与经济增长的关系一直以来为经济学家们所争论。持公共支出促进经济增长观点认为,政府公共支出在经济增长中发挥着重要作用,因为它为经济发展提供了大量的公共品和其他具有外部效应的公共福利或服务,从而鼓励和便利了私人投资,形成了一个较好的投资环境,促进了经济增长。而持反对意见的认为,公共支出往往是生产率较低的,为融通政府支出而形成的高税收又会对私人部门的消费和投资造成很大的负面影响,因此,必须缩减政府支出,才能保证经济增长。当然也有人持两者根本就没有关系的观点。     

Adaptation and Mitigation in Global Pollution Problems: Economic Impacts of Productivity, Sensitivity, and Adaptive Capacity

This paper studies the influence of productivity, pollution sensitivity, and adaptive capacity on optimal mitigation and adaptation in a two-country global pollution model. We investigate the effects of changes of these parameters on the allocation of emissions, adaptation expenditures, and welfare. In our analysis we distinguish between cooperative and non-cooperative behavior. Our findings imply that unilateral improvements in productivity and adaptive capacity have strategic significance and do not necessarily lead to mutual welfare improvements. They raise the emissions not only in the country where the technological improvement takes place, but also globally. An improvement in global welfare is guaranteed only under cooperative behavior with respect to emission and adaptation choices.     

Dynamics of Government revenues and expenditures in industrial economies

The sources of growth in government revenues and expenditures in 22 OECD countries is addressed. The question of whether the revenue constraint is binding on the growth of government expenditures, or whether the ‘displacement’ effect of expenditure growth is binding is considered. Controls for the effects of the output gap and inflation rate on government revenues and expenditures in each of the 22 countries are presented. A major conclusion is that reductions in spending are essential to reducing budget deficits and controlling government size.     

Income taxes, spending composition and long-run growth

The focus of this paper is threefold. First, it reexamines the impact on long-run growth of changes in flat-rate income taxes when a fraction of total government expenditures is used to provide public services that affect the productivity of privately held inputs. Second, for a given tax policy, this paper studies the impact of government expenditure composition on the rate of economic growth. Third, since demographics follow an overlapping generations structure and fiscal policy affects the economy's productivity, the paper features the role of productivity as a means of redistributing income across generations. The economy is analyzed numerically and policy experiments are carried out.