克服危机回归成长的古巴经济

克服危机回归成长的古巴经济郑伟９０年代以来，古巴经济从前苏联解体和东欧巨变前后开始进入了经济危机，由于以１９９０年１月发表的“和平时期的特别期间阶段”宣言和“非常时期计划”为基础的经济改革发挥了作用，古巴经济在１９９３年走出了谷底。古巴从６０年代以来...     

温州经济模式演进中的地方政府职能分析

改革开放以来，经过20多年的发展，“温州模式”已经成为我国区域经济发展的一种范式。研究地方政府在区域经济模式演进中的职能成为人们关注的重要课题。本文以温州为例，探讨了地方政府在区域经济模式发展中的作用，认为温州地方政府在保护和促进市场主体成长、引导市场经济发展，解决企业负外溢影响、加强宏观调控，提供公共产品、进行制度创新、为市场创造良好的外部环境等方面发挥了积极的作用。同时，随着区域经济模式的新发展，地方政府还应从转变意识形态、促进区域合作、培育中间体组织和深化机构改革等方面进一步转变职能。     

古巴改革：态度最重要

中国的改革给劳尔留下了深刻印象。劳尔建议以中国模式为榜样，改革计划经济，为此还设立了专门研究改革的“中国部”。 改革正在拉开帷幕 是真正的经济改革．还是只在装饰门面，古巴人心中五味杂陈。4月19日，历时四天的古巴共产党第六次全国代表大会正式落幕，此次会议最引人关注的议题是经济体制改革，     

古巴1990年以后的经济改革与新农民化

20世纪90年代早期，经济改革推动了古巴的社会变革，古巴进入了社会变革的新时期。社会变革的一些方面与传统的结构调整相似，而其他方面则与之有所不同。农业方面，国营农场被改造成为各种合作社，进一步细分了合作社的生产力，解放了农产品市场，以及把土地分割给小佃农。通过采访决策者和合作社的领导，并对古巴西部和东部进行调查，可以发现，20世纪90年代的古巴有两个重要特点：一是出现了“新农民化”现象；二是这两个地区的收入差距即使没有扩大，也依旧存在。然而，即使是在最贫穷的地区，小农户的收入还是比雇佣工人的平均收入要高一些，而在其他地区，则是高出许多。总的来说，古巴的经济危机迫使古巴的农业政策朝着巩固小农户地位的方向调整。     

云南“生物谷”区域经济模式的意义及其实施途径

本文从建成云南绿色经济强省战略上阐述“生物谷”区域经济模式对云南省生态经济可持续发展的深远意义和普遍指导作用。重点论述了云南建设“生物谷”区域经济模式的实施步骤、措施和应避免的主要方面和问题。     

印度经济模式的特色

进入21世纪以来，随着印度经济加快发展，国际社会纷纷谈论与印度崛起有关的问题。独立后的印度政府领导人决定把印度建成“社会主义类型社会”；同时，为把印度建设成为一个现代化工业强国，印度又实行了具有本国特色的经济模式：公私并存的混合经济体制，计划与市场相结合的宏观管理机制，现代工业与农业结合的经济模式，现代产业与传统产业结合的发展战略，利用国外资源与自力更生结合的发展方针等。经过50多年的实践，印度经济模式获得一定成功，但也存在一些问题。20世纪90年代初期以来，印度开始以自由化、市场化、全球化为导向的经济改革，经济增长速度明显加快，但具有印度特色的经济模式并没有发生根本性变化。     

经济欠发达地区基础设施建设的投资构成分析

本文通过对大量统计资料的计算分析 ,直观地反映了我国经济欠发达地区基础设施建设的投资构成。相比经济发达地区 ,我国经济欠发达的中西部地区在基础设施建设中更多地依赖中央投入、财政投入和国有经济投入 ,这种浓厚的“计划经济”色彩阻碍了他们获得更多地建设资金。因此 ,更新观念、尽快改革、引入更多地民间资本共同承担基础设施建设已成为必然趋势。     

工业园区飞地经济模式探索--以宁乡金玉工业集中区为例

“飞地经济”是我国新一轮经济发展与空间扩张中一种新的发展模式，文章阐述了其背景与相关概念、主要发展模式，并结合宁乡金玉工业集中区的实践经验，对“飞地经济模式”进行分析，对其他工业园区有一定启示。     

中国经济模式与低碳经济

低碳经济作为解决碳排放问题的“处方”正日益引起国际社会的重视,将给中国以煤为主的能源消费结构带来新的挑战。本文主要对比分析了中国传统的经济模式和低碳经济模式,并提出实现我国低碳经济发展模式的方式和方法。     

企业经营体制及其对应的整体经济模式

<正> 进行企业经营体制的改革,实现所有权与经营权的分离,是当前经济理论界和改革领导部门注意的重点和议论的中心。然而,企业经营体制与整个经济模式的选择、与改革道路的选择又是密切相联的。因此,本文首先考察整个经济模式和改革道路的可选方案,然后再来分析各种微观经营体制与它们之间的对应关系。匈牙利经济学家科尔奈将当代经济体制就其运行方式分为四种类型,即直接行政协调的     

Pleasure and belief in Hume's Decision Process

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce explicitly pleasure and belief in what aims at being a Humean theory of decision, like the one developed in Diaye and Lapidus (2005a). Although we support the idea that Hume was in some way a hedonist – evidently different from Bentham's or Jevons' way – we lay emphasis less on continuity than on the specific kind of hedonism encountered in Hume's writings (chiefly the Treatise, the second Enquiry, the Dissertation, or some of his Essays). Such hedonism clearly contrasts to its standard modern inheritance, expressed by the relation between preferences and utility.

The reason for such a difference with the usual approach lies in the mental process that Hume puts to the fore in order to explain the way pleasure determines desires and volition. Whereas pleasure is primarily, in Hume's words, an impression of sensation, it takes place in the birth of passions as reflecting an idea of pleasure, whose “force and vivacity” is precisely a “belief”, transferred to the direct passions of desire or volition that come immediately before action. As a result, from a Humean point of view, “belief” deals with decision under risk or uncertainty, as well as with intertemporal decision and indiscrimination problems.

The latter are explored within a formal framework, and it is shown that the relation of pleasure is transformed by belief into a non-empty class of relations of desire, among which at least one is a preorder.     

Globalization,Neoliberalism and the attack on social security

Neoliberal political movements advocate privatization of public pension systems. Globalization imposes pressure on nations to conform to neoliberal policy views with respect to the design and structure of social insurance, including public pension systems. The paper begins with an investigation of the economic, ethical and ideological dimensions of the privatization debates in the U.S.; it argues that privatization advocates may be largely moved by ideology, since the other reasons advanced appear weak or unfounded. The second part discusses the history of Social Security, the purposes for its creation, and some of its economic effects. Differences between public and private pension systems are considered. A brief international comparison of some aspects of public pension system finance and benefit structures is presented. The final section considers the ethical, macroeconomic and distributional implications of privatization, prefunding and payroll tax funding, and argues for a pay as you go system financed with income taxes. In order to promote equity, economic security, community, and social cohesion, public pension systems should be universal in coverage. In order to reduce the inequality, income insecurity, and aged poverty generated by market economies, public pension systems ought to be progressive: benefit/contribution ratios should be inversely proportional to income, and progressive income taxes should finance the system. To promote economic growth, the systems should be financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, and should not be prefunded except for an emergency reserve. The fiscal policy recommendations partially depend upon the theory developed by Abba Lerner in the 1940s, and recently advanced by Wynne Godley and Randy Wray: Lerner's “principle of functional finance.”     

John Stuart Mill's Theory Of Justice

John Stuart Mill has traditionally been portrayed as self-contradictory and failing to construct a unified social theory. Recent scholarship, however, has challenged this view, finding Mill's work to be creatively synthetic in bridging the antinomies inherent in liberal democratic thought. This revisionist interpretation of Mill is advanced by an understanding of his theory of justice and its role in shaping his policy positions on issues such as welfare, education, voting rights, property rights, taxation, government intervention, and the future of capitalism.     

A Rich Vein for “Reality Mining”北大核心CSSCISSCI

Arik Hesseldahl In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, U.S. officials quickly turned their attention to other potential targets, including California's Golden Gate Bridge. What would happen if terrorists took down the bridge between San Francisco and Marin County? How much of the region would be affected and for how long?     

中国养活自己能力的长期预测:技术和政策分析

中国拥有世界五分之一强的人口 ,收入又在迅速增长。因此 ,国际上很自然地会考虑或推测她在今后的几十年是否有能力养活自己。中国的人口预计将从 2 0 0 0年的 1 2 8亿增长到 2 0 2 0年的 1 4 6亿 ,和 2 0 3 0年的 1 4 9亿。与此同时 ,人均收入的增长将导致对家畜和鱼类产品更大的需求 ,因而对饲料的需求也将有很大的增长     

Interest on reserves and inflation

The payment of interest on reserves has been a common practice in inflationary economies. This policy may seem paradoxical since it involves returning part of the seigniorage, generated by the inflation process, with the intention to finance the fiscal deficit. This paper argues that the motivation for this policy can be captured by the discretionary regime, where the policymaker pays interest on reserves because he is concerned with the erosion of real liquidity by inflation, which is in part beyond his control. However, this policy is an unlikely outcome in the commitment regime, where the policymaker is in full control of inflation.     

John Stuart Mill's Theories of Wealth and Income Distribution

Although he was much influenced by David Ricardo when he wrote the classical part of his Principles , John Stuart Mill was not a Ricardian when he penned his theories of wealth and distribution. They are based on a triple foundation. First, a belief that economics is a moral discipline. Second a theory of custom-driven human behavior. Third, an empirically formed conviction that the institutions of state, education and business cooperate to structure the distribution of income. On the basis of these presuppositions, Mill formulated 1) an institutional theory of the formation of human and non-human wealth and 2) an even more institutional theory of distribution demonstrating how the aforementioned institutions malignantly skew the distribution of income to the advantage of the propertied classes and to the extreme disadvantage of the working class. As a social economist, Mill recommended institutional reforms designed to eradicate the poverty of the working class.     

Neurally reconstructing expected utility

While the concept of “expected utility” informs many theories of decision making, little is known about whether and how the human brain might compute this quantity. This article reviews a series of functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) experiments designed to localize brain regions that respond in anticipation of increasing amounts of monetary incentives. These studies collectively suggest that anticipation of increasing monetary gains activates a subcortical region of the ventral striatum in a magnitude-proportional manner. This ventral striatal activation is not evident during anticipation of losses. Actual gain outcomes instead activate a region of the mesial prefrontal cortex. During anticipation of gain, ventral striatal activation is accompanied by feelings characterized by increasing arousal and positive valence. These findings affirm the role of emotion in the anticipation of incentives, and may provide an initial step towards a neural reconstruction of expected utility.     

Duplication, Growth and ‘Total Return Economics’

Maintenance consumption is an expense recovered in product prices, yet also a source of taste satisfaction which must be exhausted, rather than reinvested, from the capital affording it. This riddle is solved in the duplication rules: the cost of maintenance consumption is recovered in pay and prices, but an equal flow is exhausted from the human capital of the worker earning the pay. The rules impact tradition in several ways. If output is defined in principle as value added, then it cannot also be described as consumption plus net investment without double-counting the maintenance consumption recovered in prices. Also rate of return in the stationary state is not zero, but is the rate sufficient to offset the exhaustion of individual human capital. The rules lead to new insights into economic return, and support an argument that all growth at the scale of closure is due to productivity gain rather than to thrift.