Product development as reading and writing doings within sociotechnical practices: the reciprocity between engineers and artefacts

This ethnographic study aims at understanding how product development of wind turbine controls unfolds as ongoing engineer-artefact reciprocity. We adopt a Deweyan constructionist and Science-Technology-Society approach to contribute to product development and sociomaterial studies by emphasising the role of reciprocity between engineers' experience and artefacts through reading and writing doings. Reading doings involve texts such as specifications, minutes, sketches and components. Writing doings create/modify the same type of texts. In one project, convergent reciprocity enabled the development. Another project's development was blocked, restarted and completed internally at the producer. Enablers included repositioning of working practices, application of various artefacts/tools, heterogeneous engineers and creation of common ground. Constraints involved lack of openness, too malleable artefacts, no common ground and radical change of the development trajectory. The engineers' learning depends on these constraints and enablers. Three types of reciprocity occur: convergent, faded away and blocked.     

Gender Development, Institutions, and Level of Economic Development

Gender inequality and the lack of gender development are major problems in developing countries. Neoclassical economics has generally argued that economic development will greatly enhance gender development. However, more recent work has emphasized the role of institutions. In this paper, a distinction is made between malleable institutions and those that change only over long periods of time. Empirical estimations of the impacts of economic development, malleable institutions, and hard-to-change institutions on gender development are carried out. The results indicate that both economic development and reform of malleable institutions are important determinants of relative gender performance. However, non-malleable institutions and cultural practices limit the impact that reform and economic development can have on relative gender performance.     

旅游资源价值评估问题探析

旅游资源价值评估是目前旅游资源学、资源经济学和环境经济学等学科研究的热点和难点。本文在介绍旅游资源价值评估的理论基础上,回顾了旅游资源价值评估的国内外研究进展,详细介绍了TCM和CVM两种经典评估模型,并在此基础上提出了目前旅游资源价值评估存在的三大问题：第一,旅游资源价值构成体系尚未形成统一的认识,本文在参考已有的价值分类系统基础上,提出了旅游资源价值构成体系；第二,现有价值评估方法有待深入研究,本文指出了旅行费用法(TCM)和条件价值法(CVM)两种经典评估模型的不足；第三,旅游资源价值动态变化的影响因子体系尚未明确。     

区域科技资源协同度发展趋势及生态化治理机制研究

科技资源是重要的战略性资源，区域科技资源匮乏与协同度较低严重制约区域科技和经济快速发展。因此，促进区域科技资源协同与共享，如何推动各创新主体共同治理、共同发展是政府与学界共同关注的重要问题。运用2008—2017年黑龙江省与吉林省科技统计数据及复合系统协同度模型，对哈长城市群科技资源协同现状与未来协同趋势进行测算，结合生态学理论与生态化治理方式，设计区域科技资源生态化治理机制。结果发现：2009—2017年科技资源复合系统协同度整体呈现上升趋势，但增长态势平缓，其中2009-2011年和2013年复合系统协同度处于低水平协调状态，其它均处于一般协调状态。通过预测发现，2008—2022年科技资源复合系统协同度整体呈现上升趋势，但仍处于一般协同状态。基于此，围绕科技发展生态环境、区域空间协同、科技资源共享服务平台，以及产学研合作等方面设计治理机制，促进区域科技快速发展。     

Optimal Growth with Endogenous Technical Progress: Hicksian Bias in a Macro Model

If productivity growth is endogenous, the question of whether to allocate some resources to increase the efficiency of capital needs to be examined in spite of the conventional wisdom that only Harrod-neutral technical progress is compatible with the steady state. This paper describes the crucial role that the production technology and research sectors play in determining the allocation of resources for accumulating physical capital and enhancing the productivity of inputs. We develop a model of biased growth, where, even in the steady state, the efficiency of capital and labour are increasing due to the allocation of resources to the research sector.
JEL Classification Numbers: C62, O31.     

Agricultural Intensification, Common Property Resources and the Farm-Household

This paper evaluates the impact of agricultural price and intensification policies for common property resources and welfare of rural communities in developing countries. In doing so we develop a new model for the farm-household that has analytical advantages over the traditional one and that has significant potential for empirical application. The major findings are: Technical assistance that increase productivity of land-intensive agricultural outputs (cereals, livestock, etc.) cause degradation of the communal resources and may cause immiserization. Policies that increase the prices of these goods cause identical effects. By contrast, similar policies applied to labor-intensive outputs (vegetables, tubers, etc.) contribute to improve the common resources and to increase the welfare of the rural communities.     

长江流域资源环境与可持续发展研究

把可持续发展建立在资源可持续利用和生态环境良好的基础上,已成为世人的共识。文章概述了长江流域的资源环境状况,揭示了长江流域面临的严重资源环境问题：人地矛盾日益尖锐;水土流失严重;湿地萎缩加剧;自然灾害频繁;水污染加重。提出了促进可持续发展的资源环境对策,包括：贯彻计划生育基本国策,减缓人口对环境的压力;植树造林,构筑“绿色屏障”;调整产业结构和布局,建立资源节约型国民经济体系;发展资源产业,增强产业的基础地位;建立综合协调的资源环境管理体系;提高公众环境意识,树立生态道德观。     

中国两栖类资源开发利用研究

中国拥有丰富的两栖类资源，共有２８４个种（亚种），其中２／３是特有种类，它是我国生物资源的重要组成部分，也是人类的宝贵财富，对我国两栖类资源的开发利用有很大的潜力。我国对两栖类生物资源的开发利用已取得一定的成果，但还有很多不足，尤其是关于两森严在皮肤活性生物分子的研究开发工作，基本上还是一片空白。本文介绍了我国及世界两栖类资源开发利用的现状，并从药物开发的角度对我国两栖类资源的开发利用提出了几点建     

Markets as communication systems

As the information relative to endowments, costs and preferences is dispersed among many agents, the quality of resource allocation depends on the ability of markets to communicate information inside the economic system. Because information is transferred through negotiation and transaction behaviors, the network of trading relations defines the channels through which it flows. In the present study, we use new computational tools to analyze the performance of two wholesale trade institutions widely used around the world: network trading and marketplace trading. Whilst network trading and marketplace trading disseminate far fewer bits of information than a perfectly transparent benchmark market, they often manage to generate an allocation of resources that is almost as good. In many cases, network trading proves more effective than marketplace trading (contrary to a common preconception). This surprising performance of network trading is linked to a form of indirect arbitrage induced by connections between networks. Implications for market design and public policy making are presented, along with prospects for further research.     

基于WPI-LSE模型的中国水贫困测度及空间驱动类型分析

在构建水贫困评价指标体系基础上,采用WPI模型测度了2009年中国31个省市（自治区）的水贫困水平,并以资源、设施、能力、使用和环境5系统得分的贡献率为指标,采用LSE方法将各省市划分为不同的水贫困驱动类型。结果表明：我国水贫困程度呈自东南向西北逐渐加重的规律;资源因素是所有北方地区共同的水贫困驱动因素;在东北、中、西部区域内经济和社会发展水平不高的地区,设施和能力因素构成对水贫困的驱动因素;在资源条件较好的东南和西南地区、以及发展水平不高的西北地区,使用因素形成对水贫困的驱动效应;东北和东部地区的水贫困亦由环境因素所驱动。研究结果可为各地区制定缓解水贫困的水资源管理策略提供必要的理论基础。     

政府科研机构科技资源配置效率影响因素组态分析

结合超效率SBM模型和模糊集定性比较分析（fsQCA）法,以中国内地25个省级行政区政府科研机构为样本,探讨科技资源配置结构、配置方式和配置环境对省级政府科研机构科技资源配置效率提升的组态效应。研究发现：①单个要素不构成高科技资源配置效率的必要条件,但基础研究强度在科技资源配置效率提升方面发挥了较为普遍的作用;②5种组态均可带来高科技资源配置效率,分别为由基础研究构成的基础研究型组态;由基础研究和应用研究构成的科学研究型组态;由基础研究、计划配置和区域开放度构成的基础研究—环境型组态;由基础研究、市场配置、计划配置、产学研合作水平和区域开放度构成的基础研究—平衡型组态;由应用研究、产学研合作水平和区域开放度构成的应用研究—环境型组态。其中,基础研究型组态和基础研究—平衡型组态在提升科技资源配置效率方面更有效;③我国东西部地区政府科研机构科技资源配置效率提升路径存在显著差异。据此,提出各地区政府科研机构应“因地制宜”地采取匹配路径和针对性措施,以有效提升科技资源配置效率。     

法国旅游资源研究方法的三十年演进历程

法国地理学界对旅游资源的研究方法至今经历了三个阶段,先是实证主义,后来结合了现象学,再后来引入参与者理论并提出旅游者中心说。结合中欧案例,通过比较这三种理论揭示了这一发展进程中的理论进展,提出研究旅游资源问题既不能只着眼于资源本身,也不能只停留在一些现象上,而应特别重视旅游的最重要的参与者——旅游者及其活动。     

制造企业转型升级的条件组态路径对比研究——企业资源视角

企业转型升级进程实质上是资源有效组织并产生组态效应的过程。资源集合既可能促进企业转型升级也可能导致转型失效。从成功转型和低效失败的正反视角,通过对45家制造企业案例的实证和对比研究,分别得出高低转型条件（资源）组态路径、成功转型要点以及失败转型注意事项：创新资源主导性和融资能力是企业转型升级的重要条件,改变供应商集中度是实现其它资源因素协同的有效路径,创新缺失和资源错配（企业规模、知识技术密集度、供应商集中度）易导致转型升级低效。研究结论丰富了制造业转型升级相关研究,可为新时期企业转型升级的有效路径构建并避免低效提供对策建议。     

Shared wealth or nobody's land? The worth of natural capital and ecosystem services

The prerequisite for a sustainable and equitable use of common resources (the so-called Commons) must be the proper evaluation of their role within the complex network of relationships that ensure ecosystems functioning, resilience, and evolutionary dynamics. It is crucial to ascertain to what extent the common wealth is used for the common benefit. Money-based schemes for valuing the Commons, such as the so-called “willingness-to-pay”, provide a user-side evaluation perspective based on the idea that value only stems from utilization by humans. As a complement to such a point of view, we present and discuss in this paper a donor-side evaluation method (Emergy Synthesis) based on the idea that a proper measure of value can be achieved by also accounting for the work done by the biosphere in generating services and resources. It should not be disregarded that such resources and services also provide support to other species in the web of life. Emergy, a scientific measure of such environmental support, is suggested as a tool capable to assess quantity and quality of shared resources, thus providing a basis for their environmentally sound management.     

Sustainable Resource Use and Economic Dynamics

We argue that the sustainable use of natural resources has to be placed in a dynamic perspective, both in theoretical modelling and in applied research. This can be achieved by applying endogenous growth theory and other recent advances in dynamic theory. In this paper we discuss five contributions that combine the topics of natural resource use and economic dynamics. In particular, we show the common features of these contributions, thereby providing an overview of a very active and promising research area.      

Management of common property resources: Limits to voluntary collective action

This paper finds that the voluntary collective action may be an alternative to market and government in the management of common property resources. In developing countries, the people's capabilities to harness the preserved commons and the fairness in the appropriation of benefits from them are the limits on the voluntary collective action. It shows that collective action is possible if an outside agency plays the role of a catalyst in mitigating these limits. It also shows that there can be mutually beneficial sharing arrangements between government and village communities for the management of local forest resources. The standard result that common and state property resources turn into open access resources as population grows also holds good for the natural resources jointly managed by government and people.     

海洋捕捞渔业资源资产负债表编制研究

海洋捕捞渔业资源对我国的海洋经济发展、食品生产与居民就业具有重大意义,其资产负债表的编制有助于摸清家底,实现渔业资源的可持续利用.本研究系统梳理了相关研究成果,从会计假设、会计要素、编制步骤三个方面阐述了海洋捕捞渔业资源资产负债表的编制思路,结合生态补偿探讨了海洋捕捞渔业资源负债,将其划分为应付海洋捕捞渔业资源补偿、应...     

Review of tourism resources valuation

Tourism resources valuation is now a hot issue of the science of tourism resources, resources economics and environmental economics. This paper reviews research progresss on tourism resources valuation, introduces its theoretic basis, and elaborates two classical valuation methods： TCM and CVM. And two existing problems are discussed Firstly, tourism resources value constitution system is still under dispute. This paper puts forward the Value constitution system based on present value categories. Secondly, tourism resources valuation methods need further studies because both TCM and CVM have deficiencies. Finally, the paper points out the development direction of tourism resources valuation.     

中国海岛旅游研究现状及发展趋势

海岛是世界的旅游热点,改革开放30年来,中国的海岛旅游得到了长足的发展,海岛旅游研究也取得了一定的成果。但无论海岛旅游还是海岛旅游研究,与中国海洋大国的地位还远不相称。文章在对近30年来国内有关海岛旅游文献进行分析的基础上,从海岛旅游资源开发与可持续发展、环境与安全、旅游产品等方面对中国海岛旅游研究现状进行了论述,分析了海岛旅游研究中的常用研究方法,并对研究中存在的问题和研究趋势作了探讨,以期为今后的海岛旅游研究提供思路,促进中国海岛旅游研究的进一步发展。     

Governing the commons: future directions for the Ostrom Project

Now, when longitudinal data are available or soon will be, it is important to carefully consider research strategies for the second phase of the Ostrom Project. I recommend a problem oriented approach aimed at answering questions and solving puzzles that have emerged in the last 25–30 years and a focus on the political dimensions of the commons. Reading Lin’s paper in this issue, I found her proposal valuable but too narrow. I suggest that the longitudinal phase of the Project should deal explicitly with institutions and mechanisms for solving conflicts among local participants over how to divide the costs and benefits of using common resources. I offer, as an illustration, a number of research questions that emphasize institutions in the policy and constitutional spheres rather than in the operational one.