制度跃迁视角下知识产权审判专门化与企业创新

企业创新离不开制度支持,但现有关于制度影响企业创新的研究主要基于组织合法性理论,并以静态的制度框架为出发点。从诺思制度变迁理论视角,探讨动态的制度变迁环境如何影响企业创新,以2014年中国知识产权审判专门化改革为背景事件,构建准自然实验,研究发现：改革所建立的知识产权法院是制度变迁过程中一次典型的制度跃迁,对于企业创新绩效具有显著提升作用;在异质性检验中发现,知识产权法院的建立显著增加民营企业和高科技企业的实质性创新成果,北京知识产权法院的建立对于企业创新绩效的提升作用更显著;在机制检验中发现,知识产权法院的建立能够缓解企业融资约束,增强企业创新意愿,从而提升企业创新绩效。从诺思制度变迁理论视角解读中国从法制到法治建设的制度变迁过程及其影响,为推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化提供参考。     

中国情境下企业创新绩效要素协同驱动路径研究

立足于中国情境,采用模糊集定性比较分析法（fsQCA）,以143家企业为样本,系统研究制度环境、异质性知识来源和吸收能力不同维度耦合组态对创新绩效的影响路径及作用机制。结果发现：①存在3条高创新绩效驱动路径,即政府主导下依托外部知识—吸收能力的探索式创新驱动型路径、关系主导下依托外部知识—吸收能力的探索式创新驱动型路径和依托内部知识—吸收能力的利用式创新驱动型路径;②不同路径内部构成要素间存在替代或互补关系;③驱动高创新绩效的路径间存在等价性。基于组态视角探究中国情境下创新绩效内化机制及协同驱动路径,对企业提升创新绩效具有一定借鉴意义。     

区域R&D绩效及其与经济增长的关联研究——基于文献研究的视角

区域RD绩效是影响经济增长的重要因素。学术界多采用研发人员、RD经费支出等指标来衡量区域RD投入,采用专利产出来衡量区域RD产出,采用因子分析法、人工神经网络法等方法来评价区域RD效率。在区域RD绩效评估具体模型选择上往往使用参数模型或非参数模型。早期研究表明,市场结构和企业规模大小是制约区域RD绩效的重要因素;而近期研究则表明,区域RD绩效影响因素是多元的,并且这些因素可能会随时空的变化而效应有所不同。在区域RD绩效与经济增长关联方面,微观层面的研究强调了创新绩效对企业竞争力的影响,宏观层面的研究则强调了区域RD绩效与经济发展的关联。本文最后对相关文献进行了简单述评,阐述了这一领域国内外研究动态。     

中国高新区产业政策与制度变迁的效应研究——基于贝叶斯网络方法的情景分析

本文提出一个应用贝叶斯网络模型对宏观区域政策与高新技术产业政策使用效果进行情景分析的决策框架。中国高新技术产业开发区的建立和发展很大程度上依赖于政府政策,然而先前对影响中国高新区发展因素的研究主要集中在禀赋因素,如固定资产投资额或从业员工人数等,缺乏对制度性因素如省级高新区"升级"成国家级这一制度变迁效应的实证考察。对此,本文借助贝叶斯网络静态情景分析方法探讨制度因素与高新区成长之间的关系,结果显示:制度因素在中国高新区发展中起到关键作用,省级高新区"升级"政策如果结合加大R&D经费投入将会促进高新区成长。     

我国高技术产业创新效率的制度贡献及其异质性

高技术产业创新为我国经济转型发展提供新动能,但其现存的低效率创新困局亟待破解。利用1997-2011年高技术产业面板数据,全面考察制度因素对高技术产业技术创新的影响,并就各个制度子因素对技术创新三阶段效率的贡献加以分析。结果显示,整体制度环境优化有利于创新效率提升,制度因素对不同阶段创新效率的贡献具有异质性;以企业为主体的科技创新体制对高技术产业创新效率的影响不显著,表明以企业为主体的创新体系有待进一步完善。最后提出继续深化市场化改革、优化整体制度环境、明确政府职能、真正确立企业创新主体地位等对策建议。     

Privatizations around the world: economic or political determinants?

The article examines economic, political, and institutional determinants of privatization using a panel of 50 countries over the period of 1988–2006. Our sample includes developed, developing, and transition economies. Privatization activity is measured by the number of privatization deals as well as the revenue raised and analyzed using the negative binomial regression and Tobit regression respectively. Although more privatization activity is usually taking place in countries displaying satisfactory economic performance in some respect, the role of economic factors turns out to be limited. The results identify a number of political and institutional determinants but some effects are specific to a particular type of economy. For example, in developing countries, right‐wing governments are associated with privatizations while new, not necessarily right‐wing governments, are behind privatization in Eastern Europe. The role of financial development is also varied, with sound financial institutions related to successful privatization in developed and developing countries but not in transition economies.     

Enterprise performance and ownership: The case of Ukraine

In this paper, we use a unique enterprise level random survey of 150 firms in Ukraine to test hypotheses on the relationship between enterprise performance and ownership in transitional economies. In particular, we explore whether privatisation has yielded improved company performance and whether specific ownership forms (insider, manager, worker, and outsider) have led to differentiated behaviour at the enterprise level. Our analysis also explores the determinants and ramifications of barter, a widespread phenomenon across the former Soviet Union. We refute the hypothesis that private ownership per se is associated with improved performance, and try to isolate any positive performance effects from outsider ownership. However, we do isolate some clear ownership effects, associated with insider ownership. We find barter to be associated with lower profitability, and to be less common in privatised firms.     

Usury,Market Power and Poverty Traps: A Study of Rural Credit in 1930s’ China

This paper studies the cross-regional variation of interest rates in China in the 1930s. Based on county-level data from the Buck (1941) rural surveys, we examine factors that may have influenced rural interest rates in pre-1949 China. Since the quality of institutions that define property rights and facilitate contract enforcement is important for such transactions as land tenancy arrangements, we treat land tenancy rate (or percentage of owner-farmers) as a proxy for institutional quality. Contrary to the popular belief among historians and economists that usury or high interest rates caused persistent poverty, we find that while the monopoly-exploitation hypothesis has little explanatory power, a region’s institutional quality and income level are persistent and significant determinants of interest rates. Thus, poverty is a key driver of high rates of interest. Economic growth and the development of market institutions are crucial for lowering high interest rates and combating usury.     

International Specialization and Labor Unions: Evidence from OECD Countries

The aim of this paper is to explore the role of the institutional determinants of international comparative advantage. Starting from a theoretically well-founded general-equilibrium framework, where specialization depends on relative factor endowments and technological differences, we study the possible additional effect of labor unions. Using country–year panel data, we obtain that they are an important determinant of relative economic performance for a sample of manufacturing sectors. In particular low wages–labor-intensive industries turn out to be relatively disadvantaged, while high wages–capital-intensive sectors are relatively advantaged by stronger labor unions. We also allow for different institutional scenarios, letting unionization patterns interact with different regimes of bargaining coordination and social security systems. Our main conclusions are not substantially altered.     

制度与合作环境对企业开放式创新路径的影响——来自中美两国26家企业的模糊集定性比较分析

在以国内大循环为主体、国内国际双循环相互促进的新发展格局下，我国企业开放式创新面临全新的机遇和挑战，其开放式创新路径选择尤为关键。制度与合作环境是影响企业开放式创新的外部环境。选取中美两国26家典型企业，运用模糊集定性比较分析（fsQCA）方法，分析制度与合作环境对企业开放式创新路径的影响，并对比分析中美企业开放式创新的多重路径。结果发现：中国企业存在4条高开放式创新绩效获取路径，美国企业存在两条高开放式创新绩效获取路径，核心条件均为知识产权保护或合作广度；当中美企业开放式创新路径中缺少知识产权保护或合作广度时，开放式创新绩效欠佳；中国企业开放式创新过程中，获取外部技术的主要途径是对外直接投资或外商直接投资，长期来看，这并不利于我国开放式创新的持续发展。     

社会责任行为、制度环境与企业国际竞争力

企业国际竞争力是企业管理领域的热点话题,本文对于社会责任行为与企业国际竞争力的关系机理及制度环境调节效应展开研究.以我国A股上市公司2010—2019年数据为研究样本,实证分析社会责任行为对企业国际竞争力的动态影响.研究表明,社会责任信息披露对企业国际竞争力的影响存在时滞性,发布社会责任报告短期内对企业国际竞争力无明显影响,长期则可以提升企业国际竞争力;社会责任表现具有时效性,良好的社会责任绩效对于滞后一期的企业国际竞争力具有显著的提升效应;进一步研究发现,制度环境对于企业社会责任动态影响企业国际竞争力具有正向调节作用.研究结论对中国企业国际竞争力的培育和提高具有借鉴意义.     

共同机构所有权与企业创新：协同治理与信息共享视角

共同机构所有权能够强化行业联系，推动信息、技术和经验跨边界整合共享，实现外部性内部化，促进生产要素向企业集聚。以2007—2020年中国沪深A股上市公司为例，考察共同机构所有权对企业创新的影响。结果发现，共同机构所有权能够促进企业创新，其联结程度和持股比例越高，越有利于企业创新，且经过倾向得分匹配法、Heckman二阶段回归等内生性检验和敏感性测试后，结论依然成立。进一步研究发现，共同机构所有权通过发挥协同治理效应和信息共享效应推动企业创新发展，并且共同机构所有权对企业创新的促进作用在市场化进程较低、行业竞争程度较高的样本中更为显著。结论可进一步提升对共同机构所有权这一新兴市场现象的认知，同时为决策部门制定政策方案提供参考。     

Determinants of Taiwan's outward investment in Southeast Asia: Economic factors and institutional issues

This paper investigates the economic and institutional determinants of Taiwan's outward direct investment in six Southeast Asian countries from 1998 to 2017, applying the panel ARDL–Pooled Mean Group estimation. We specially examine the effects of institutional quality with five dimensions inclusively, using the Worldwide Governance Indicators. The results show the locational economic factors are the primary determinants in the long run. The tight and historic trading relation with Southeast Asia has a long-run positive effect. On the contrary, the institutional quality of the host countries has strong positive effects in both the long run and short run. Further, the paper displays the dynamics of this investment in the last 20 years. These results are important for Taiwan and Southeast Asia policy-makers in setting up the short-run and long-run policies to sustain their diversified economic growth.     

政策不确定性对企业创新绩效的影响——研发要素区际流动的中介作用

自中国经济发展进入新常态以来,频繁的政策实验使得政策不确定性成为企业创新决策过程中不可忽视的因素,企业在不确定性政策环境中的行为选择及内在机理有待进一步检验。基于政策不确定性概念,检验不同类型政策不确定性对企业创新绩效的影响,并从人才和资本两个维度分析研发要素流动的中介作用。结果发现：总体来看,政策不确定性不利于企业创新绩效提升与研发要素流动。具体地,供给层政策不确定性对企业创新绩效和研发要素流动具有负向影响,需求层政策不确定性对其具有正向影响,环境层政策不确定对其无显著影响。人才、资本等研发要素流动在政策不确定性与企业创新绩效间发挥部分中介效应。进一步分析发现,供给层政策不确定性通过抑制人才、资金等研发要素流动负向影响企业创新绩效,需求层和环境层政策不确定性通过促进人才、资金等研发要素流动正向影响企业创新绩效。     

我国企业成为创新主体的外围制度困境

我国众多企业正在遭受缺乏自主核心技术和创新能力的困扰。对于企业来说,创新只是其众多发展路径选择之一。企业对于发展路径的选择,很大程度上取决于外部各种环境的刺激,因此要使企业走创新之路,就需要相应的制度环境,虽然企业也有自己的制度和动力机制,但它们是受外部宏观制度环境制约的。合理的外部制度环境可以转化为有效的引导和驱使企业选择创新的不竭动力和正向压力,而这些正是我们所缺乏的。探讨了我国企业目前所面临的产权制度、劳动用工、职称评定、退休待遇、资源环境以及金融等外围制度困境。之所以称其为外围制度,是因为它们并不直接规定和指导企业创新活动,也不参与创新要素的直接分配,而只是影响创新的环境和氛围,进而影响各种创新主体和创新要素参与的态度和成本。     

The double trap: Institutions and economic development

The empirical growth literature has established that institutional quality is a deep determinant of economic growth. We examine whether institutional quality in low income countries converges to the level witnessed in high income countries, or whether they are trapped in convergence clubs that stagnate or even deteriorate over time. Using the log-t-test suggested by Phillips and Sul (2007), we find evidence of multiple equilibria in institutional quality, with several countries stuck in poor quality institutions traps. We further find that per capita incomes of some of the developing countries are also stuck in low-level traps. Finally, using bivariate probit estimations, we establish that poor institutional traps are major determinants of low income traps. These results indicate that these countries are caught in a double trap where their incomes are stuck in low-level traps from which it is difficult to escape, because the institutions that enable growth are also stuck in low-quality traps.     

制度环境、股权制衡对企业创新绩效的影响机理——基于有调节的中介效应

在对制度环境、股权制衡与企业创新之间的相关性进行理论分析的基础上,利用359家深市上市企业在2008—2010年的数据,实证检验了制度环境、股权制衡对企业创新绩效的影响机理。实证结果表明:制度环境对企业创新绩效具有显著的正向影响,内部驱动力在该影响过程中发挥中介作用;股权制衡正向调节内部驱动力与企业创新绩效之间的关系;高股权制衡度能促进企业增加R&D投入,从而提高企业的创新绩效;低股权制衡度对企业R&D投入增加、创新绩效提升的影响不明显。最后针对营造良好的制度环境、建立有效的股权制衡结构等给出对策建议。     

Business cycle co-movements between South Africa and the BRIC countries

This article examines the relationships between South African economy and the economies of the BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India and China). In particular, it identifies the nature and key features of the co-movement of South African business cycles with cycles of the BRIC countries. It uses the dynamic factor model to a set of 307 macroeconomic series during the period 1995Q2 to 2009Q4. We found significant evidence of synchronization between South Africa and the BRIC countries over the business cycle, although the magnitude of co-movement differs with each country. India portrays strong ties with South Africa over time. Moreover, Brazil, China and Russia lead South Africa in the long run, while India is contemporaneous. Further, the findings imply that the first two factors are BRICS factors while the third one is a US factor.