跨国零售商在华战略及本土零售商的应对

本文从零售国际化过程视角构建了研究跨国零售商在华市场行为及本土零售商应对的框架体系。该研究把跨国零售商中国市场的扩张规模与速度、区位布局、进入方式、业态选择、本土化战略、从中国市场的撤退，以吸中国政府和本土零售商的应对视为一个互动的有机整体．在全面把握跨国零售商在华扩张规律的基础上，对本土零售商针对跨国零售商行为的特定战略进行了分析，从而预测了未来跨国零售商的战略走向，最后提出了中国政府及本土零售商的对策建议。     

海外市场扬优成势

近年来，南通建工集团不断加大国内外市场的开拓力度，在致力于经营布局调整、加快国内扩张的同时，重点瞄准海外市场，及时制定并有效实施“走出去”的中长期发展战略，加快了与国际市场接轨的步伐，施工规模不断取得突破，国际竞争力显著增强。2007年共承接海外承包工程14个，签订合同额1.4亿多美元，完成营业额8000万美元。公司不仅多次被评为“全国优秀施工企业”，还连续三届荣登“中国承包商60强”，连续两届荣登“ENR全球最大国际承包商225强”排行榜。     

中国大陆零售市场的特点

中国大陆零售市场的主要特点是： ·外资零售商快速扩张，2006年以经营大型超市为主的11家外资零售商（家乐福、大润发、沃尔玛、好又多、易初莲花、麦德龙、TESC0乐购、百佳、欧尚、永旺、华糖）新开店铺数量超过100家。同时，外资零售商也普遍采用了并购的扩张方式，有代表性的并购案例包括：TESC0增资控股乐购，沃尔玛收购好又多等     

后疫情时代煤炭企业进入海外市场的风险评估与前景展望

针对疫情防控常态化对我国煤炭企业进入海外市场的影响,分析了1980—2020年我国海外投资历程和煤炭企业海外市场进入现状,研究表明:我国海外投资进入新的历史阶段,我国国有煤炭企业在海外扩张中起到关键性作用,煤炭企业海外投资总体乐观并且极大程度地参与全球能源治理,服务"一带一路"建设。为进一步保障国有企业海外资金安全,推动发展"国内国际双循环"格局,结合近期国际和国内投资环境的变化特征,对后疫情时代下煤炭企业进入海外市场做出风险评估并提出展望。     

企业国际市场进入模式选择研究现状述评

国际市场进入模式选择是企业国际化经营的最重要战略决策之一,它直接影响企业的未来决策以及在海外市场的业绩.本文在回顾国际市场进入模式选择相关文献的基础上,对五种进入模式选择的基本理论及其相应的实证检验进行了评述,同时指出该领域理论和实证研究的有争议之处,并对未来研究的发展趋势和研究策略给出一些建议.     

系统市场中企业策略性排他行为分析

本文将系统竞争和组件竞争结合起来，分析系统市场中的企业策略性行为及其对市场竞争和创新的影响。在系统市场上．开放的系统竞争结构是较优的，但是企业并不一定会选择与社会福利目标相一致的组织形式．而是更多地基于策略性需要来进行选择。在系统市场中．创新主导企业有激励通过策略性地选择许可比例来操纵市场竞争。在邻近市场结构中．在位创新垄断企业有激励通过排他性行为将关键技术市场的垄断势力延伸到邻近竞争市场．这些市场封锁行为通常会严重地伤害市场竞争，并阻碍技术创新。     

合作与竞争的零售商供应链价格与广告决策研究

建立了制造商领导下多个零售商竞争与合作时,制造商做广告与零售商做广告4种供应链广告模型,给出了制造商与零售商的广告投入水平、批发价、零售价的最优解,并对4种模型的结果进行了灵敏性及比较静态分析,最后对模型进行了仿真.结果表明:通过对竞争的零售商的结果比较分析得出在价格敏感因子及广告效率一定的情况下,制造商无论是选择利润最大化还是市场需求量最大化为目标,采用哪种广告形式取决于广告竞争因子与价格竞争因子的大小.在制造商广告的情形下,零售商竞争时的市场需求量与制造商的利润均较零售商合作时的大,此时制造商应鼓励零售商竞争.在零售商合作的情形下,制造商的利润在零售商广告时较大,此时则应将广告权交于零售商.零售商的合作使得零售商的利润增加,制造商利润减小.     

纺织国际营销策略分析

纺织品属于“全球性产品”因此步入国际市场并参与国际竞争是必然的趋势。研究纺织品对外贸易，必须对海外市场的营销策略、市场分析与选择、价格策略、销售渠道，以及营销组织作认真全面的分析。笔者在此结合纺织业的特点，对纺织国际营销策略作一分析。     

流动着的权利——资本市场全球化与中国企业海外融资

资本市场的全球扩张是现代信息技术支撑下的一个重要历史过程，作为世界经济一体化的一个极为重要方面。资本市场的全球他必然地要削弱国与国之间的市场边界，并为跨国公司的成长提供优良的土壤，以下的这篇文章对当代资本市场的扩张与中国企业的海外融资状况作了一个概括性的介绍，     

走向蓝海——中油建进军海外工程建设高端市场

中国石油工程建设公司（CPECC）以加强市场开发和提升国际化经营管理能力为重心，目前在全球形成了中东、北非、中亚、南亚、南美5个区域性规模市场，业务辐射19个国家，与近百家国内外知名设计、制造和施工公司结成战略联盟，建立了全球1200多个供应商和服务商的采购网络。在开拓国际工程承包市场的发展过程中，逐渐形成了区域化项目组合管理的基本运作方式，并进行了海外工程建设高端市场的探索与创新，积累了较为丰富的海外工程管理经验。     

Pursuing opportunities in distance: the determinants of overseas R&D by Chinese multinationals

This study investigates two relevant dimensions of institutional distance – knowledge and economic distance – that influence the overseas research and development (R&D) intensity of emerging market multinational enterprises. We undertake a longitudinal analysis of 121 listed Chinese manufacturing multinational enterprises for the period 2011–2016. The results reveal that the enterprises' overseas R&D is more intense in host countries with greater knowledge and economic distance. Moreover, as the strength of intellectual property rights protection in host countries grows, the positive effects of knowledge and economic distance on the enterprises' overseas R&D intensity become weaker. We also find that political ties with home country governments strengthen the positive relationship between knowledge distance and the enterprises' overseas R&D intensity, while its moderating effect on the relationship between economic distance and overseas R&D intensity is insignificant.     

能源工程企业的国际化发展路径剖析

通过整理7家典型的国际型能源工程公司的国际化发展大事记,分析这些公司国际化发展的路径,研究能源工程企业国际化发展在市场选择、产品/服务提供、国际化方式、商业模式、组织结构、资源配置等方面的演变过程,归纳出能源工程企业国际化发展的一般规律.以海外机构的组织设计形式为主要依据,将能源工程企业的国际化分为萌芽阶段、初始阶段、成长阶段、成熟阶段四个阶段,从组织设计、国际化方式、市场选择、商业模式、产品/服务提供、资源配置六个维度,总结能源工程公司在各阶段的主要特征.目前我国能源工程企业基本上处在国际化发展的萌芽或初始阶段,在实施国际化发展战略时,应该选择能源工程企业国际化早期的发展模式;宜采取海外项目承揽和国际合作的方式,要重点考虑分包和联合投标的商业模式;应将海外目标市场定位于容易进入的机会市场,重点是关系友好国家市场.     

Institutional and resource configurations associated with different SME foreign market entry modes

This study explores the different configurations of internal and externally sourced resources utilized by SMEs, as well as host and home country institutional influences (hereafter abbreviated to ‘internal and external resources’, and ‘host and home country institutions’, respectively) across different foreign market entry modes in a B2B setting. Specifically, this research illustrates the different relative representations of internal vs external resources and host vs home institutions associated with different entry modes, including non-investment/contractual and early-stage investment modes. The different configurations resulting from our study are tentatively explained in the context of prevailing theoretical perspectives, namely, the resource-based view, institutional theory, and SME internationalization. Our research extends the existing literature on SME internationalization by identifying that different resource-institutional configurations are associated with different foreign market entry modes.     

ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF RETAILER STORE BRAND PRESENCE ON MANUFACTURER BRANDS IN AN EQUILIBRIUM FRAMEWORK*

This article assesses the impact of retailer store brand products on manufacturer brand prices, profitability and consumer welfare in Boston's white fluid milk market. Estimates from a random coefficients logit demand model are used to specify and test a set of pricing games. Under the selected model, milk manufacturers are Stackelberg leaders to retailers, and store brand milks are procured by retailers at cost. The model is used to investigate counterfactual markets without retailer store brand milks. Counterfactual Simulation results indicate that store brands increase channel profits, retailer profits and consumer welfare, while having mixed effects on equilibrium retail prices.     

Competitive pricing decisions in a two-echelon supply chain with horizontal and vertical competition

This study investigates the pricing decisions in a non-cooperative supply chain that consists of two retailers and one common supplier. The retailers order from the common supplier and compete in the same market. We analyze six power structures that characterize exclusively horizontal competition between the retailers and vertical competition between the supplier and the retailers, leading to different sequences of moves among the chain members. We derive the analytical forms of the equilibrium quantities under each power structure and explore the effect of retail substitutability on the equilibrium quantities among all power structures. We further investigate the performances of the game models as compared with the integrated model.     

Does Increasing the Market Share of Smaller Firms Result in Lower Prices? Empirical Evidence from the Canadian Retail Gasoline Industry

Some recent policy initiatives aimed at preserving the market share of smaller or independent gasoline retailers have either been implemented or proposed in both Canada and the United States. Employing monthly data on average retail prices and market shares across eleven Canadian cities between 1991 and 1997, I find that more aggregate market share in the hands of independent retailers is correlated with higher retail prices, but indirectly associated with lower prices through the corresponding fall in market concentration among vertically integrated firms. The sum of these impacts is negative as indirect effects are larger in magnitude than corresponding direct effects.JEL classification : L1, L4     

Globalizing the emerging high-technology company

Two traditional models of global expansion were evaluated in an exploratory effort to explain the globalization patterns of emerging high-technology companies. In-depth field interviews were conducted with 19 Massachusetts-based companies that supply software or peripheral products for desktop computing to explore: their timing and aggressiveness in entering markets outside of North America; their structures and patterns for expansion; and their success. Sampled companies report nondomestic revenues ranging from 6% to 58% of their totals. Statistical analyses of “globalization success,”, defined here as how quickly a company achieves substantial percentage of revenues from nondomestic markets, support an integrated model of globalization that combines a cluster of other influences with elements of Vernon's specific product cycle model and aspects of the more generic internationalization process models. In accordance with Vernon, high-tech products are developed primarily for the home market but are soon transferred overseas, more slowly to “lagging markets.” In contrast with Vernon, many different selling arrangements are employed, and overseas production does not follow for most high-tech firms. In accordance with the general internationalization theory, when high-tech companies perceive foreign markets as risky they proceed cautiously, often using outside specialists to facilitate market entry and increase their involvement over time as their familiarity increases. But in contrast with this, many high-tech firms, especially the most successful, do not even perceive such riskiness and do not exhibit such caution. Unrelated to either of those two models, and building upon the work of Ragman et al.[1], globalization success is most strongly linked to how aggressively senior management allocates internal resources to developing an overseas business model that approximates the company's u.S. model of selling/distributing. External environmental forces, too, such as the varied adoption rates of the underlying desktop computing platforms themselves as well as regulatory factors, also affect globalization of high-tech products and companies.     

Non-Exclusive Dealing with Retailer Differentiation and Market Penetration

Retailer differentiation exists in most industries and gives manufacturers an incentive to contract with different retailers to penetrate a market. This paper analyzes the impact of this penetration effect on vertical contract exclusivity in an oligopolistic model with differentiated retailers. In the model, manufacturers endogenously choose contract types and negotiate with retailers on wholesale prices. We show that, when the penetration effect is sufficiently strong, non-exclusive contracts lead to higher profits for the manufacturers and retailers. The model is applied to an example with logit demand, which shows that both manufacturers choosing the non-exclusive contracts is a dominant-strategy Nash equilibrium even though they may both be better off under exclusive contracts when the products have high quality or low costs.     

我国服装零售价格影响因素的实证分析

利用我国1999—2011年的年度数据,对服装零售价格及其影响因素:服装产量、国内外需求、出厂价格、流通成本首先进行单位根检验、然后建立多元线性回归模型。结果表明:服装出厂价格是影响我国服装零售价格的最主要因素,其次是国内需求,而流通成本的影响程度并不大。