Environmental Disclosure and the Cost of Equity: The French Case

What is the impact of voluntary corporate environmental disclosures on the cost of equity? The present study will attempt to answer this question. The empirical research is based on companies listed in the French SBF 120 stock market index. In 2006, most of these companies devoted a section of their annual report to environmental actions, yet fewer than 20% of them actually published a separate report dedicated to the issue of sustainable development. Regardless of the selected medium, the environmental topics receiving the most attention in corporate reporting are pollution, natural resources and recycling. The determinants associated with environmental disclosure are: company size, financial leverage, and the number of financial analysts monitoring company stock. This study does not lead to concluding that companies disclosing environmental information necessarily lower the cost of equity.     

异质性环境规制与企业盈余信息质量——基于传染效应视角

利用2011—2017年重污染企业数据,检验传染效应视角下异质性环境规制对企业盈余信息质量的影响。研究发现：传染效应强化了显性环境规制对企业盈余信息质量的负向影响,削弱了隐性环境规制对企业盈余信息质量的正向影响。进一步研究发现：对于规模较大、环境不确定性较低和向下盈余管理的企业,传染效应的调节作用更为明显;内部控制质量和社会信任能削弱传染效应的正向调节作用;立法强度、环境补贴和公众参与是影响企业盈余信息质量的主要环境规制。     

Does monetary policy determine stock market liquidity? New evidence from the euro zone

The recent financial crisis has been characterized by unprecedented monetary policy interventions of central banks with the intention to stabilize financial markets and the real economy. This paper sheds light on the actual impact of monetary policy on stock liquidity and thereby addresses its role as a determinant of commonality in liquidity. Our results suggest that an expansionary monetary policy of the European Central Bank leads to an increase of aggregate stock market liquidity in the German, French and Italian markets. Furthermore, the effect of monetary policy is significantly stronger for smaller stocks, suggesting a non-linear impact of monetary policy on stock liquidity.     

排污费改税对重污染行业企业的政策效应分析

对污染者收费,是将外部环境成本内部化的一个重要经济手段。在排污费升级为环境保护税的背景下,本文以2013—2019年沪深A股重污染行业171家上市公司为研究样本,分析了费改税对企业所承担排污成本的影响,以及环境保护税法施行的微观效应。研究发现,费改税后企业缴纳的环境保护税较之前的排污费有大幅下降,但不同类型企业的税负存在差异。通过收集绿色专利申请数量的相关信息发现,开展绿色技术创新的企业比例低于预期。本文最后提出,我国应进一步完善环境保护税制,提高税收优惠门槛,并采取有效措施,解决税收征管中的信息不对称问题。     

Communities as informal regulators: new arrangements in industrial pollution control in Viet Nam

A number of studies in developing countries show that in the absence of strict environmental regulation and strong enforcement, communities have emerged as a new informal regulators. In Viet Nam local communities in some cases are successful in forcing industrial polluters to reduce pollution or to change production processes into more environmentally sound directions. New subpolitical arrangements are formed, involving innovative relations between communities, industrial polluters and state authorities. However, people living in the neighbourhood of industrial firms are often dependent on firms and local authorities in terms of economic and social benefits, potentially inhibiting these processes of informal regulation by communities. This paper analyses if and to what extent economic and social dependencies of communities from industrial firms in their vicinity play a role in hampering community involvement in environmental regulation.     

On the asymmetric relationship between stock market development,energy efficiency and environmental quality: A nonlinear analysis

It has been widely documented in the literature that financial development drives up the impact of CO₂ emissions through increases in real economic activities and the consumption of polluting fossil fuel energy. However, when dealing with stock market development, such upward effects on economic growth, energy efficiency, and carbon emissions seems to give away to a positive impact especially in emerging markets. This paper contributes to this debate by exploring both the symmetric and asymmetric responses of CO₂ emission to changes in stock market development indicators. Using both the panel linear and nonlinear ARDL, our results demonstrate the asymmetric effects of stock market development indicator son carbon emissions in the context of emerging markets. In particular, the long-run elasticities results suggest that positive and negative shocks on stock market indicator decreases environmental quality by increasing carbon emissions. Based on these empirical findings, this study offers some crucial policy implications. Especially, policy makers should implement strong environmental policies in emerging markets economies to reduce carbon emissions of industrial companies without significantly affecting the development of financial markets.     

我国货币政策对股票市场收益率影响的实证研究

为检验我国货币政策对股票市场的有效性,本文在经典理论的基础上,运用协整检验、格兰杰因果检验、VECM检验方法,对货币政策与股票市场收益率关系进行实证分析。研究结果表明：货币供应量增长率与股票市场收益率呈正相关关系,但长期内影响效果不显著;利率的调整在短期内对股票收益率的影响较为显著,在长期内则表现为平稳,两者关系符合一般金融理论;进一步地,采用虚拟变量回归模型,分析了货币政策环境变化对收益率大小的影响。笔者根据我国的国情,分析这种传导效应的结果,做出了相应的判断,并对如何解决货币政策对股票市场传导中存在的问题提出了自己的看法。     

The settlement day effect in the French Bourse

This article investigates the market-microstructure implications on stock returns and volatility of the settlement procedure of stock transactions. The question is, to what extent can a practical trading rule be implemented around the settlement day, to yield above normal risk-adjusted returns, when settling stock transactions is delayed by several weeks, e.g., a month, on the French stock market? Based on French data for the period 1987–1989 we observed, on average, a positive jump of stock prices between the close of the settlement day and the opening of the next trading day (0.97%) which was significantly greater than the one-month interest rate. The average of daily rates of return for non-settlement days was slightly positive (0.01%). These results are found to be very robust. We thus reach the conclusion that buying stocks on the close of the settlement day and selling them back the next day should have been, on average, a profitable strategy in the French Bourse during the period 1987–1989. However, transaction costs and risk premiums may reduce or even eliminate the recorded profit potential.     

The impact of the French securities transaction tax on market liquidity and volatility

In this paper, we assess the impact of the securities transaction tax (STT) introduced in France in 2012 on market liquidity and volatility. To identify causality, we rely on a distinctive design of the tax, which is imposed on large French firms only, all listed on Euronext. This provides two reliable control groups (smaller French firms and foreign firms listed on Euronext) and allows us to use a difference-in-difference approach in order to isolate the impact of the tax from the other economic changes that have occurred simultaneously. We find that the STT has reduced stock trading, but we find no significant effect on theoretically based measures of liquidity, such as price impact, and no significant effect on volatility. The results are robust whether we rely on different control groups (German stocks listed on the Deutsche Börse), different datasets (firm-level or aggregated data), different periods (from one to six months), or different methodologies (propensity score matching, regression discontinuity design).     

An examination of the impact of India's performance in one-day cricket internationals on the Indian stock market

This study examines the impact of the Indian cricket team's performance in one day international cricket matches on returns on the Indian stock market. The main conclusion of the study is that there exists an asymmetric relationship between the performance of the Indian cricket team and stock returns on the Indian stock market. While a win by the Indian cricket team has no statistically significant upward impact on stock market returns, a loss generates a significant downward movement in the stock market. When Sachin Tendulker, India's most popular cricketer, plays the size of the downward movement in returns is larger.     

套利限制会加剧A-H股定价偏差吗?

本文从资产交易面临的直接约束视角,对套利限制与A-H股定价偏差之间的关系进行分析。以A-H股交叉上市公司为样本,研究发现:(1)套利限制会显著加剧A-H股定价偏差;(2)机构持股比例较高的公司和沪(深)港通开通之后的时间段,套利限制引起的定价偏差边际效应显著降低;(3)相比于制度性限制因子,机构持股和沪(深)港通开通能够更显著降低市场性限制因子对A-H股定价偏差的影响。结果表明,机构投资者的成长、互联互通政策有助于降低市场性限制,从而提高资本市场定价效率,但仍受到内地资本市场既有交易制度设计的约束。     

Individual Investors and Volatility

We show that retail trading activity has a positive effect on the volatility of stock returns, which suggests that retail investors behave as noise traders. To identify this effect, we use a reform of the French stock market that raises the relative cost of speculative trading for retail investors. The daily return volatility of the stocks affected by the reform falls by 20 basis points (a quarter of the sample standard deviation of the return volatility) relative to other stocks. For affected stocks, we also find a significant decrease in the magnitude of return reversals and the price impact of trades.     

Are investors really home-biased when investing at home?

Investors who only invest in their domestic market are typically referred to as being home-biased. We refer to firm-level internationalization and call into question whether investing in domestic stock indices actually leads to home bias. We use three measures of firm-level internationalization based on percentages of foreign sales, employees in foreign countries, and foreign tax payments. We aggregate firm-level results to determine the degree of internationalization of German, French, UK and US stock indices. French and UK stock indices exhibit the largest degree of internationalization. The German index provides slightly less internationalization, whereas internationalization of the US index is lowest but nonetheless considerable. This means that investors who invest in their domestic market do not necessarily suffer from home bias. Instead, investing in domestic stock indices more likely prevents investors from a home bias instead of entrapping them to insufficient portfolios.     

Valuation Effects of Listing on a More Prominent Segment of the Stock Market: Evidence from France

We examine the behaviour of stock prices during the period around the transfer to the Marchéà Règlement Mensuel . First, we discuss the financial reasons, which can justify abnormal returns around the transfer. Second, an event study based on a sample of 71 firms is set up to test the existence of the exchange listing effect on the French market. Third, we explore three hypotheses in order to explain the impact on stock returns: the informative content of the transfer, the increase in the relative size of the firm's investor base, and the reduction of trading costs (immediacy and adverse selection). Cross–sectional regressions show that the increase in the relative size of the firm's investor base is the only variable, which helps to explain the valuation effect.     

股票市场对货币政策传导机制影响的实证研究——基于脉冲响应函数和方差分解的技术分析

随着股票市场的蓬勃发展及其与国民经济的联系日益密切,货币政策的传导机制和效应必然受到股票市场发展的影响,同时股票市场也逐渐成为货币政策传导的重要渠道之一。本文首先对货币政策的传导机制与股票市场的关联机制进行分析,然后运用协整分析、向量自回归模型(VAR)、向量误差修正模型(VECM)、脉冲响应函数、方差分解技术等计量方法对我国股票市场对货币政策传导机制的影响进行了实证分析。结果显示股票市场已经成为传导货币政策的一个主要渠道,中央银行制定货币政策时必须要考虑股票市场。     

Spillover of fear: Evidence from the stock markets of five developed countries

This study investigates the spillover effect in five leading stock markets (i.e., the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, Japan, and France). It estimates the spillover indices of these countries and finds that information transmission between these stock markets increases considerably after 1998. Germany and the United States are the main stock markets conveying information to other international markets. Germany primarily influences the French stock market, and the United States significantly influences many other stock markets. Results show that the US stock market shows three periods during which its net spillover effect exceeds zero: the period prior to 1997, the dot-com bubble from 2000 to 2002, and the subprime mortgage crisis and Lehman Brothers bankruptcy from 2007 to 2008. The fear index correlates significantly with the spillover of the US stock market into other markets. The spillover effect of the US stock market demonstrates asymmetry and the likelihood to spread positive fundamental information and non-fundamental information (e.g., fear).     

Volatility Clustering, Asymmetry and Hysteresis in Stock Returns: International Evidence

Encompassing a very broad family of ARCH-GARCH models, we show that the AT-GARCH (1,1) model, where volatility rises more in response to bad newsthan to good news, and where news are considered bad only below a certain level, is a remarkably robust representation of worldwide stock market returns. The residual structure is then captured by extending ATGARCH (1,1) to an hysteresis model, HGARCH, where we modelstructured memory effects from past innovations. Obviously, this feature relates to the psychology of the markets and the way traders process information. For the French stock market we show that votalitity is affected differently, depending on the recent past being characterized by returns all above or below a certain level. In the same way a longer term trend may also influence volatility. It is found that bad news are discounted very quickly in volatility, this effect being reinforced when it comes after a negative trend in the stock index. On the opposite, good news have a very small impact on volatility except when they are clustered over a few days, which in this case reduces volatility.     

Fertility policy and stock market participation: Evidence from the universal two-child policy in China

The Universal Two-Child Policy (UTCP) was implemented in 2016 to mitigate China's aging society. Based on the China Household Finance Survey in 2015 and 2017, this paper applies a difference-in-difference (DID) model to investigate the UTCP's impact on households' stock market participation behavior. The results show that the UTCP has a negative impact on stock market participation, which reduces households' stock market participation ratio as well as stock allocation in their financial portfolios. This decline is caused by the change in the risk preference of households. Furthermore, the impact of UTCP is more pronounced for households that are more risk averse, households that live in first- and second-tier cities, households that live in central and eastern China and households that have already had one child. Overall, this study provides new insights into the impact of China's UTCP on households' economic behavior and their decisions regarding financial market participation.     

Volume,volatility and information linkages in the stock and option markets

This paper examines the relationship between option trading activity and stock market volatility. Although the option market is uniquely suited for trading on volatility information, there is little analysis on how trading activity in this market is linked to stock price volatility. The bulk of the discussion tends to focus on whether trading activity in the stock market is informative about stock volatility. To analyze the information in option trading activity for stock market volatility, a sample of 15 stocks with the highest option trading volume is selected. For each stock, it is noted that the trading activities in the put and call option markets have significant explanatory power for stock market volatility. In addition, the results indicate that the call option trading activity has a stronger impact on stock volatility compared with that of the put options. Our results demonstrate that information and sentiment in the option market is useful for the estimation of stock market volatility. Also, the significance of the effects of option trading activity on stock price volatility is observed to be comparable to that of stock market trading activity. Furthermore, the persistence and asymmetric effects in the volatility of some stocks tend to disappear once option trading activity is taken into account.     

Measuring the impact of option market activity on the stock market: Bivariate point process models of stock and option transactions

I apply the bivariate Autoregressive Conditional Duration model of Engle and Lunde [2003. Trade and quotes: a bivariate point process. Journal of Financial Econometrics 1, 159–188] to stock and option market transactions. The first model uses option trades and stock trades. Shocks to option trade/option trade durations have a significant impact on option trade/stock trade durations. Higher implied volatility, larger stock and option market order imbalances, larger stock trades, larger spreads, smaller depths in the stock market and faster trading in the stock and option markets are all associated with faster trading in both markets. In the second model, option trade/option trade timing leads option trade/stock quote timing and several information-related stock and option market covariates impact the expected inter-market event durations.