推进高等教育资源配置与优化投资环境的思考

对于我国高等教育资源配置与使用的现状和问题，应运用经济学和计量方法进行实证研究，并对我国高等教育投资规模和资源配置与经济增长速度进行对比分析。研究表明，必须采取有效措施，尽快实现教育投资主体和教育融资渠道的多元化，以弥补国家公共教育经费的不足；完善教育投资评价监督机制，控制高校银行贷款规模，防范高校投资风险和债务风险。     

基于统计数据分析的英国科研活动特征及科学产出特点

2011年,英国国内研发总投入为274.亿英镑,占GDP的1.79%,达到近10年的最好水平;研发经费主要来自企业、政府、海外和大学,其中,企业占46%;企业使用经费占总经费的63%,高等院校使用经费占26%。研究发现,英国25%的职工持有高等教育资格;制药领域研发强度最大,为38.9%;英国的论文引用率每年增长7.2%,高于世界平均水平;在全球1%的高引用论文中,英国占13.8%,仅次于美国。分析显示,英国科学产出具有研究质量和效率高、研究领域全面、知识流动活跃、国际合作产出较高但专利申请低等特点。我国与英国在科学研究合作方面具有良好的基础,应充分利用英国领先的科学研究资源带动我国科学研究整体水平的提升。     

Far away from a skill-biased change: falling educational wage premia in Italy

In this article we apply quantile regressions to investigate the evolution of Educational Wage Premia (EWP) in Italy from 1993 to 2004. Using the Survey of the Household Income and Wealth (SHIW, Bank of Italy) and different classifications for educational attainments, we show that, in the private sector, EWP have generally decreased over time, considering both continuous and categorical specifications for education, at all quantiles of the wage distribution. Different patterns are observed in the public sector, where EWP remain basically stable over time. A number of robustness checks and various econometric specifications are also applied in order to address sample selection issues. Our findings provide additional evidence in favour of the thesis that the increasing patterns in inequality and EWP, and the related interpretations concerning skill-biased changes, are much less pronounced in continental Europe than in Anglo-Saxon countries.     

Technology's impact on society: The issue of mass-customized education

The idea of mass-customization in the educational system is introduced. Customized education is an education system in which technologies and organizational skills are combined to provide for the individual's educational needs, when and where they are required. Such a procedure seems to hold the promise of bridging the conflict between the need to react rapidly to changing knowledge based skills on one hand and the relatively conservative social skills that the school has to provide. The paper discusses various aspects of modifications that are needed in the educational system to implement the transition from mass-education to mass-customized-education (MCE) for knowledge acquisition. These aspects include organization, teacher's attitudes and the concept of the two-tier classroom. The infrastructure required for MCE to become operational is described; such infrastructure is based on ideas, which drive mass customization in the production and business worlds.     

当代大学生就业困境——表征·原因·对策

高等教育大众化以来,大学生就业出现了就业环境、就业观念、就业心理以及职业前景等困境。高校招生人数的急剧增加与市场刚性需求之间的强烈对比,以及各产业之间发展不平衡,就业市场结构性矛盾突出带来的岗位相对不足;价值多元的发展格局,市场经济快速发展引发的伦理道德领域的问题,使大学生在就业的理想与现实之间产生了巨大的矛盾,陷入职业规划困境。一直以来高等教育管理上受行政干预较多,专业设置、课程设置等方面与市场信息不对称,人才培养规格与市场发展要求不配套,学校和家庭教育引导不到位,学生就业能力不足等是造成大学生就业困境的主要原因。当前,全面贯彻落实科学发展理念,增加就业岗位的刚性需求,缓解结构性矛盾,加快高等教育体制改革,增进教育主体的价值目标共识,加强大学生就业能力建设和成长动力教育是逐步走出困境的基本路径。     

高等医学院校专业成本研究

随着市场经济的不断深入和高等教育的快速发展,成本意识、效益观念越来越贯穿于高等教育的全过程,同时也越来越深入到高等教育领导管理观念之中。对高等医学院校专业成本进行了深入的研究,包括对进行专业成本研究的成因、专业成本研究的意义及研究方法都做了详细的阐述,现实意义大,可操作性强,对高校提高成本意识、实行成本核算都具有重要意义。     

发行义务教育公债是弥补中国义务教育经费投入不足问题的可行之策

教育经费投入不足一直是困扰中国教育事业发展的重大问题。随着中国义务教育免费政策的出台与实施,教育公平的推进和义务教育质量的提高,义务教育的建设与发展需要更多的资金投入。而中国逐年增长的教育经费很难满足目前义务教育的需要。因此,从义务教育经费的缺口分析入手,提出发行教育公债是解决义务教育经费投入不足的一种有效手段。     

高校教育培养成本核算的难点及解决对策

高等教育作为一种重要的社会活动也有成本问题,高等教育培养成本核算问题也一直是学者们研究的主要对象,但迄今为止,对于这个问题的研究一直没有得出系统的结论,其主要原因是高校采取事业单位的会计制度,实行预算管理,其内涵和估算方法极为复杂。由于多种因素的制约,我国高校教育成本核算工作还没有有效开展,但随着高等教育的大众化及多种所有制办学局面的形成,加强教育成本核算,建立合理的成本分担机制也是新形势下的必然要求。因此,需要改变观念,更新会计制度,强化部门管理以实现高校成本的有效核算。     

法定支出政策下教育经费预算软约束分析

教育领域内的法定支出政策是对教育经费预算所作的硬性规定。对教育投入总量和增量的考察都表明,我国目前的教育经费呈现出预算软约束问题。法定支出政策本身模糊,"缩水式"的估算策略,过分强调投入而忽视绩效的管理模式,部门法规与《预算法》之间不协调都使得政策的效果大打折扣。在承认法定支出政策现实性的前提下需重新加以规范,并应建立绩效导向的教育经费预算管理模式,逐步拓宽教育资金的来源渠道。     

Tuition Fees and the Dual Income Tax: The Optimality of the Nordic Income Tax System Reconsidered

Abstract. We examine the optimal tax and education policy in the case of a dual income tax. Incorporating an educational sector and endogenous capital taxation, we show that the results in Nielsen and Sørensen's study are vulnerable with respect to assumptions on the elasticity of unskilled labor supply. Tax progressivity results residually, whereas educational policy guarantees an optimal tax wedge on, but not necessarily efficiency in, educational investment. The less elastic are the unobservable educational investment and skilled labor (the latter relative to unskilled labor supply), and the more educational policy cares about the skilled labor supply, the more progressive the tax system will be. Education will be subsidized on a net basis if the complementarity effect on the skilled labor supply is strong and important; however, there is also an offsetting substitutability effect of the unskilled labor supply at play.     

ECONOMIES OF SCALE AND SCOPE AND THE ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF CHINA'S AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SYSTEM*

This article investigates economies of scale and scope and other potential sources of improvements in the economic efficiency of China's crop breeding, an industry at the heart of the nation's food economy. Using data covering 46 wheat‐ and maize‐breeding institutes from 1981 to 2000, we estimate cost functions for the production of new varieties at China's wheat‐ and maize‐breeding institutes. Our results indicate strong economies of scale, along with small to moderate economies of scope related to the joint production of new wheat and maize varieties. Cost efficiency increases significantly with increases in the breeders' educational status and with increases in access to genetic materials from outside the institute.     

学生生态环境教育现状探析

通过问卷调查,发现学校在生态环境教育上存在如下问题:从教育理念上,学校对学生环境教育认识不到位,导致部分学生的生态环保意识薄弱和绿色消费意识缺乏;从教育方式上,学校环境教育方式比较单一;从教育管理上,学校环境科技道德教育管理缺位。为了提高学生的环保意识,根据本次调查的情况提出改善生态环境教育现状的建议。     

高校法律援助机构教育功能实现的障碍及消解

高校法律援助机构具有操作性教育功能、道德人文教育功能、激励教育功能，对法科学生能力的培养起着重要的作用。但高校法律援助机构在实现教育功能的过程中遇到了资金缺失、人才缺乏、管理缺位、激励缺漏等障碍，我们应当通过多元化筹集资金模式的拓展、人才培训交流互动机制的建立、管理职责的厘定及管理制度的健全、激励机制的创建等路径对以上障碍予以消解。     

The Impact of Competition and Trade Unions on Workplace Reform and Organisational and Technological Change

This article addresses two research questions, firstly to test the hypothesis that organisational and technological changes are more likely to occur in the traded goods sector, in the private sector relative to the public sector and in more competitive product markets. Secondly, to examine whether trade unions have a positive or negative effect on the implementation of different types of workplace reforms, and organisational and technological changes. The analysis supports the hypothesis that workplaces in the traded goods sector are more likely to implement organisational and technological changes. It also indicates that workplaces in the private sector are more likely to implement certain types of reforms, whereas workplaces in the public sector are more likely to implement others. However, this study does not provide conclusive evidence that competitive pressure in product markets increases the probability that a firm will implement each workplace reform mentioned in this study. The evidence on unions provides tentative support to the view that more unionised workplaces are less likely to implement the reforms in question.     

经济运行与增长中的中小企业作用机理

如果偏重于发展大工业企业 ,由于资本利润率下降和工资成本逐年上升规律 ,其资本有机构成随之要提高 ,就业的劳动力相对就越来越少 ,会发生严重的失业和消费不足 ;农业的土地资本有机构成也是一个提高的过程 ,也要逐年挤出大量的劳动力来。中小企业的资本有机构成低 ,其变动不遵从于大工业资本有机构成的变动规律。因此 ,大力发展中小企业可以转移和吸收大工业和农业由于资本有机构成提高而剩余出来的劳动力 ,使资本、就业和消费达到平衡 ,避免出现严重的失业和生产过剩现象。从经济增长看 ,中小企业发展不足 ,将会导致民间投资渠道不畅而使相当一部分储蓄不能正常转化为投资需求。发展中小企业 ,疏通投资渠道 ,变劳动力过剩劣势为劳动力密集便宜竞争优势 ,以及城市化中中小企业在地理上的集中带来的聚集效应 ,将是未来 1 0— 1 5年中国经济高速增长的重要推动力。     

基层财政管理体制改革研究

现行财政体制对县乡财政收入增长有明显的制约作用。完善县乡财政管理体制应该:1.按事权划分财权,不管事权定在哪一级,都应根据事权核定所需财务,本身财力不足的上级财政应给予补助。2.简化财政管理级次,一是实行财政“省管县,”二是逐步取消乡级财政。3.健全地方税体系,结合简化财政级次,设立专门的市县税,作为市县的主体税种。4.扩大转移支付规模。5.推行村干部岗位成本管理。     

Performance of Dairy Plants in the Cooperative and Private Sectors in India

During the 1990s the cooperative dairy processing sector in India was exposed to greater competition from private sector plants. In this paper we measure cost efficiency (decomposed into technical and allocative efficiency) at the dairy plant level in the cooperative and private sectors in India. Two efficiency measurement methods are used: stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) and data envelopment analysis (DEA). The study utilizes an (incomplete) panel data sample of 23 plants, comprising 13 cooperative plants and 10 private plants, observed between 1992/93 and 1996/97. Our results indicate that cooperative plants are more cost efficient than private plants, although this difference is insignificant at the 5 per cent level. Furthermore, we observe that the cost efficiency of cooperative plants has not improved since market liberalization in 1991. These results suggest that the liberalization policy has not yet realized its expected benefits, and also cause us to question the general expectation that private operators will have efficiency advantages relative to cooperatives.     

大数据背景下基于ABC-SVM的建筑工程造价预测

建筑工程项目决策阶段信息量少,精准高效的造价预测是科学决策的关键.为了提高项目前期工程造价预测的精度,探讨如何利用历史项目大数据及机器学习进行新建建筑工程项目的造价预测至关重要.本文首先通过文献研究确定了建筑工程决策阶段造价的主要影响因素,然后利用人工蜂群算法(ABC)对支持向量机(SVM)参数即惩罚因子C和核函数参数g进行优化计算,最终构建了基于ABC-SVM的建筑工程造价预测模型.最后以某工程造价数据平台上的84个建筑工程项目为数据源进行模型验证,结果显示,与GRID-SVM模型和BP神经网络模型相比,本文所提的ABC-SVM模型的预测精度更高,具有更好的适用性.     

论加强高职大学生的职业道德教育

高职院校培养学生良好的职业道德是体现高职教育特色,提高高职院校办学质量的重要举措.高职院校职业道德教育,必须从学生成长成才阶段的实际情况出发,把社会对人才的要求与高职学生成长的特点结合起来,建立完善的教育内容体系,通过多渠道多途径使之得以实施.思想政治理论课是大学生思想道德教育的主阵地,实习实训、专业知识课等都承载着职业道德教育的任务.     

Restructuring China's research institutes

Over the past two decades, China's R&D intensity has surged. The institutional arrangements underlying this surge remain unclear. We study the notable restructuring of the country's 5,000 research institutes, begun in 1999. This study first reviews the evolution of China's research institute sector over the period 1995–2010. Then applying OLS, fixed effects, event study and propensity score analysis to institute level data, we find the restructuring programme has accomplished some of its goals. The converted Science and Technology enterprises shifted towards a more commercial mission, the institutes converted to non‐profit research institutes have focused on a more research‐oriented mission.