江苏和亚洲“四小”投资环境的比较分析

投资环境，即影响资本营运的各种社会政治条件、经济条件等因素的综合。正确认识一个地方的投资环境，是投资方和外资利用方都很关心的事，这在今天我们要发展外向型经济，而亚洲“四小”及其它发展中国家也在集中精力发展经济，利用外资竞争日益激烈的情况下尤其如此。因此有必要从不同角度对江苏的投资环境与亚洲“四小”的投资环境作一比较，并从比较中找出差距。”然后，对如何进一步搞好江苏的利用外资工作提出对策性建议。本文打算从以下六个方面对江苏和亚洲“四小”的投资环境展开对比分析：1．社会政治条件。亚洲“四小”中，台湾…     

企业技术创新扩散方式研究

<正> 企业技术创新是科技进步的核心。技术创新扩散是技术创新通过一定的渠道在潜在使用者之间传播采用的过程。从科技进步的角度看,技术创新不只在于本身价值的多少,更在于这种创新的扩散。技术创新对一个国家、一个企业或一个地区经济的影响,取决于创新成果在整个经济系统中的扩散效果。因此,技术创新扩散对增强创新效果、加速科技进步有着重大意义。     

从东亚模式争论中看经济增长中技术的作用

亚洲金融危机爆发前30年,东亚保持了高速的经济增长,表现最为突出的是亚洲"四小龙"的经济崛起。亚洲"四小龙"的经济起飞大约从20世纪60年代初开始。从1960年到2000年,韩国、新加坡、中国香港和中国台湾的人均收入增长率年平均分别为5.8%、6.3%、5.6%、6.4%。经过大约40年的经济增长,"四小龙"相继跨入了中高收入水平的国家和地区的行列。1993年世界银行发表了《东亚的奇迹:经济增长和政府政策》的报告,将东亚经济增长模式作为楷模推荐给发展中国家,使东亚模式成为其他发展中国家学习的榜样。因此,东亚会爆发金融危机,出乎大多数经济学家的意料之外。     

基于生命周期理论的技术创新模式选择

<正>技术创新活动是一项高投入、高风险、高回报的科研生产经营活动,企业决策者选择怎样的技术创新战略与策略,取决于企业内外部两大方面的多重因素。研究与开发能力的高低,是企业的内部决定性因素之一。而对外部的决定性因素的分析,则可结合企业产品的生命周期理论进行。 一、从技术经济的角度认识技术创新 技术创新从技术经济的角度指的是创新者借助于技术上的发明和发现,对生产要素和生产条件、生产组织进行重新组合,以建立效能更好、效率更高的新的生产体系,获得更大利润的过程。技术创新作为技术革新活动,包括三个基本的方面,一是产品创新,它可以是全新技术的全新产品创新,也可以是现有技术发现后     

韩国国家科技创新体系的建设及其启示

创新是一个民族进步的灵魂,在知识经济时代,技术创新则成为企业技术进步、国家经济增长的源泉和动力。同作为发展中国家,韩国和我国的技术进步都建立在对引进技术消化吸收的基础之上,自主开发技术的能力还比较薄弱。为此,目前两国都在进行科技政策的调整,致力于形成和提高技术创新的能力。韩国科技创新体系的建设有诸多可之处,其经验可供我国借鉴。     

论企业全面持续技术创新

当代科技和经济的发展,在很大程度上是由持续的技术进步与创新所推动的。从某种意义上讲．只有依靠技术创新,方能促成产业技术能力和经济增长质量的提高。因此,当代不少经济学家和科学家都认为技术创新是生产要素的一种新的优化组合,包括从一个新的构想开始,到获得成功的商业应用为止。亦即技术创新贯穿于科学发现、发明,新成果的开发引进,新市场的开拓,新的原材料的获取,工业企业组织新形式的实现,科学管理等一系列活动的全过程。所以,技术创新是科技进步与经济发展的源泉,它已不是一个纯粹的技术概念,而是属于技术经济一体化的范畴。     

没有技术创新西部地区经济就不可能发展

任何先进的国家和地区经济的发展,是由于其技术创新活动的全面开展,而其衰落则是由于其技术创新活动的衰落;众多原来落后的发展中国家,其经济水平的迅速提高,是由于其技术创新活动的全面开展;而世界经济发展中心的兴起和转移,虽然影响因素众多,但主要因素则是其创新中心的兴起和转移。英帝国的衰落,日本经济的发展,以及亚洲四小龙的崛起,无不如此。对于我国的西部地区来讲,西部地区存在着经济进一步发展的巨潜力和优势,具体表现在：1、市场优势,西部地区人口占全国的1／3,生活水平较低,拥有广泛的市场前景;2、资源优势,西部地区土地广阔,资源丰富,具有不可多得的资源优势;3、一定的产业优势,如化工、机械等产业已形成一定的优势;4、政策优势,“九五”以来,由国家安排的预算内建设投资的2／3投向了中西部,今后的政策倾斜会更大。但西部地区现有的发展水平较低,产业竞争力较弱,基础设施建设更为薄弱,技术创新的宏观测度指标技术进步对经济增长贡献份额的统计较低（不超过30％）,而发达国家技术进步对国民收入增长速度的贡献,在本世纪初大约是5％－20％,到了50－70年代,一般达到50％－70％;作为亚洲四小龙的韩国同期也达到56％;而经济不发达国家,如秘鲁只占8％。不难看出,随着技术创新的开展经济也获得高速增长。因此,西部人除了要进一步改善投资环境,更重要的是要加速技术创新。     

技术创新扩散的机制及其本质探讨

技术创新扩散得以进行的外部条件和内在动力是技术创新扩散的基本机制，技术创新扩散本质上来说是在有关创新技术信息传播基础上新技术对老技术的替代过程，该过程是创新扩散与采纳方的垄断博弈过程，涉及到采纳者对新技术的学习与掌握。     

正视困难和问题强化和落实对改革的投入

当代科技和经济的发展，在很大程度上是由持续的技术进步与创新所推动的。从某种意义上讲．只有依靠技术创新，方能促成产业技术能力和经济增长质量的提高。因此，当代不少经济学家和科学家都认为技术创新是生产要素的一种新的优化组合，包括从一个新的构想开始，到获得成功的商业应用为止。亦即技术创新贯穿于科学发现、发明，新成果的开发引进，新市场的开拓，新的原材料的获取，工业企业组织新形式的实现，科学管理等一系列活动的全过程。所以，技术创新是科技进步与经济发展的源泉，它已不是一个纯粹的技术概念，而是属于技术经济一体化的范畴。     

我国技术创新战略选择的新视角

从广义交易成本的角度,分析了技术研发过程中各阶段所产生的交易成本的种类及原因,认为交易成本的高低是影响技术创新战略选择的重要因素;分析了市场利用市场组织和企业组织进行技术创新的制度的经济合理性,在此基础上,提出了基于交易成本的我国技术创新战略选择的思路和政策建议。其主要观点是:利用企业组织进行创新的制度成本远远低于利用市场组织进行创新的交易成本;从国家的角度选择创新战略还应考虑本国技术水平在国际上的地位,发展中国家选择技术引进战略虽然会发生巨额的知识产权交易成本,但可以大大降低基础研究和开发研究阶段的交易成本及基于时间的机会成本;而国内范畴的创新,最合理的制度是建立以企业为创新主体、利用企业组织进行自主创新的制度;要尽快改革当前以高校为创新主体的创新制度。     

Pleasure and belief in Hume's Decision Process

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce explicitly pleasure and belief in what aims at being a Humean theory of decision, like the one developed in Diaye and Lapidus (2005a). Although we support the idea that Hume was in some way a hedonist – evidently different from Bentham's or Jevons' way – we lay emphasis less on continuity than on the specific kind of hedonism encountered in Hume's writings (chiefly the Treatise, the second Enquiry, the Dissertation, or some of his Essays). Such hedonism clearly contrasts to its standard modern inheritance, expressed by the relation between preferences and utility.

The reason for such a difference with the usual approach lies in the mental process that Hume puts to the fore in order to explain the way pleasure determines desires and volition. Whereas pleasure is primarily, in Hume's words, an impression of sensation, it takes place in the birth of passions as reflecting an idea of pleasure, whose “force and vivacity” is precisely a “belief”, transferred to the direct passions of desire or volition that come immediately before action. As a result, from a Humean point of view, “belief” deals with decision under risk or uncertainty, as well as with intertemporal decision and indiscrimination problems.

The latter are explored within a formal framework, and it is shown that the relation of pleasure is transformed by belief into a non-empty class of relations of desire, among which at least one is a preorder.     

John Stuart Mill's Theory Of Justice

John Stuart Mill has traditionally been portrayed as self-contradictory and failing to construct a unified social theory. Recent scholarship, however, has challenged this view, finding Mill's work to be creatively synthetic in bridging the antinomies inherent in liberal democratic thought. This revisionist interpretation of Mill is advanced by an understanding of his theory of justice and its role in shaping his policy positions on issues such as welfare, education, voting rights, property rights, taxation, government intervention, and the future of capitalism.     

A Rich Vein for “Reality Mining”北大核心CSSCISSCI

Arik Hesseldahl In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, U.S. officials quickly turned their attention to other potential targets, including California's Golden Gate Bridge. What would happen if terrorists took down the bridge between San Francisco and Marin County? How much of the region would be affected and for how long?     

Globalization,Neoliberalism and the attack on social security

Neoliberal political movements advocate privatization of public pension systems. Globalization imposes pressure on nations to conform to neoliberal policy views with respect to the design and structure of social insurance, including public pension systems. The paper begins with an investigation of the economic, ethical and ideological dimensions of the privatization debates in the U.S.; it argues that privatization advocates may be largely moved by ideology, since the other reasons advanced appear weak or unfounded. The second part discusses the history of Social Security, the purposes for its creation, and some of its economic effects. Differences between public and private pension systems are considered. A brief international comparison of some aspects of public pension system finance and benefit structures is presented. The final section considers the ethical, macroeconomic and distributional implications of privatization, prefunding and payroll tax funding, and argues for a pay as you go system financed with income taxes. In order to promote equity, economic security, community, and social cohesion, public pension systems should be universal in coverage. In order to reduce the inequality, income insecurity, and aged poverty generated by market economies, public pension systems ought to be progressive: benefit/contribution ratios should be inversely proportional to income, and progressive income taxes should finance the system. To promote economic growth, the systems should be financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, and should not be prefunded except for an emergency reserve. The fiscal policy recommendations partially depend upon the theory developed by Abba Lerner in the 1940s, and recently advanced by Wynne Godley and Randy Wray: Lerner's “principle of functional finance.”     

Solidified Branding Function: How the Urban Brand Affects a Small Town’s Development? Case Study of Wangqingtuo,Tianjin, China

Chinese small towns are usually developed with single core industry,and the urban brand is the identity of a town that formed with the development of its indust...     

Perspective on the Economic Evolution of the European Union States Under the Impact of the Pandemic and Financial-Economic Crisis

The European Union,which is at the beginning of its term of office for all Member States in the European Parliament,the European Commission,its governing body a...     

中国养活自己能力的长期预测:技术和政策分析

中国拥有世界五分之一强的人口 ,收入又在迅速增长。因此 ,国际上很自然地会考虑或推测她在今后的几十年是否有能力养活自己。中国的人口预计将从 2 0 0 0年的 1 2 8亿增长到 2 0 2 0年的 1 4 6亿 ,和 2 0 3 0年的 1 4 9亿。与此同时 ,人均收入的增长将导致对家畜和鱼类产品更大的需求 ,因而对饲料的需求也将有很大的增长     

John Stuart Mill's Theories of Wealth and Income Distribution

Although he was much influenced by David Ricardo when he wrote the classical part of his Principles , John Stuart Mill was not a Ricardian when he penned his theories of wealth and distribution. They are based on a triple foundation. First, a belief that economics is a moral discipline. Second a theory of custom-driven human behavior. Third, an empirically formed conviction that the institutions of state, education and business cooperate to structure the distribution of income. On the basis of these presuppositions, Mill formulated 1) an institutional theory of the formation of human and non-human wealth and 2) an even more institutional theory of distribution demonstrating how the aforementioned institutions malignantly skew the distribution of income to the advantage of the propertied classes and to the extreme disadvantage of the working class. As a social economist, Mill recommended institutional reforms designed to eradicate the poverty of the working class.     

Neurally reconstructing expected utility

While the concept of “expected utility” informs many theories of decision making, little is known about whether and how the human brain might compute this quantity. This article reviews a series of functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) experiments designed to localize brain regions that respond in anticipation of increasing amounts of monetary incentives. These studies collectively suggest that anticipation of increasing monetary gains activates a subcortical region of the ventral striatum in a magnitude-proportional manner. This ventral striatal activation is not evident during anticipation of losses. Actual gain outcomes instead activate a region of the mesial prefrontal cortex. During anticipation of gain, ventral striatal activation is accompanied by feelings characterized by increasing arousal and positive valence. These findings affirm the role of emotion in the anticipation of incentives, and may provide an initial step towards a neural reconstruction of expected utility.