如何认识园区开发贷款

正为提高土地的利用效率和发挥产业集聚效应,园区特别是专业性园区建设成为当前我国城市经济建设中的一个重要模式。但由于对园区开发企业的性质认识不清,政策也比较模糊,因此园区开发经常被视为房地产开发、地方政府投融资平台项目和一般的土地一级开发而受到调控政策的影响。银行对园区开发贷款也因宏观形势时紧时松,不同银行的做法也不太一样,因此,有必要正确认识一下园区开发的性质和园区开放贷款。园区开发的性质园区是指在政府支持下成片开发用于旨在促进产业集聚的区域。从改革开放初期,全国在特区和沿海开放城市开始建立出     

浅析城市土地开发过程中的建设成本控制

政府在城市土地开发过程中进行市政公用设施等建设,构成了城市建设的重要内容。本文从努力降低和节约城市建设成本的角度出发,对土地开发中城市建设成本的概念和相关要素进行简要阐述和分析,并提出有效控制城市建设成本的相关对策,以期为有限的城市建设资金发挥最大使用效能提供有益建议。     

国外城市土地价格的调节与管理

土地是一种稀缺资源,城市土地价格关系着人民大众的切身利益,刺激着房地产商的投机行为,吸引着政府眼球,成为政府不断采取措施调控的重点对象。国外政府是如何对城市土地价格进行调节与管理的,本文就展开了论述。全文对国外政府在城市土地价格的调控中主要采取的土地税收制度、土地储备制度、规划土地使用、城市开发制度、管理和监督土地交易、加强金融调控等措施进行了分析。     

城市公共设施贷款快速增长问题评析

在当前“保增长、扩内需”的宏观经济政策下,地方政府纷纷加大了城市公共设施项目建设的投资力度。同时,商业银行收缩产业类贷款转而竞相争夺政府背景下的城市公共设施项目的贷款份额,银行信贷资源开始向城市公共设施领域集中,政府负债率或潜在负债率急剧攀升。本文从现阶段城市公共设施贷款市场的竞争态势和存在问题出发,分析了城市公共设施贷款领域存在的风险,并提出了防范的建议和措施。     

宏观调控后城市建设贷款凸显五大风险

近年来，国家进一步加大宏观调控力度，严把土地和信贷“两个闸门”，严格规范政府担保行为，加强房地产市场管理，这一系列宏观调控政策措施，将对城市建设贷款的政策风险、法律风险、期限风险、集中风险以及操作风险产生直接而深远的影响。     

城市土地储备过程中证券化方式的选择

随着土地储备制度的深入发展，尤其是作为政府经营城市的主要手段，起初所采用的银行贷款为主的融资办法已成为制约城市土地储备机制发展与完善的瓶颈。拆迁成本的日益提高，储备成本的提高增加了对资金的需求量。银行贷款这样的间接融资方式由于额度小、融资成本高，而且与土地整理开发存在周期不匹配等不利因素，已经越来越不能满足资金的需求和对金融效率的要求。土地市场价格易受宏观经济波动的影响，投资面临较大的风险。对于银行来说，土地开放贷款数额大，开发周期长，流动性不足，风险增大，影响了银行贷款的积极性。     

土地储备贷款风险及控制

土地储备贷款是银行向政府授权、委托的企事业法人发放的贷款,它旨在提供对城市规划区内的城市国有土地或农村集体土地进行统一的征地、拆迁、安置、补偿及市政配套设施建设后有偿出让或转让所需要的资金。一、土地储备贷款风险(一)内在风险1.土地的收购风险。在土地收购过程中     

应注意个人住房按揭贷款的抵押风险

1．重复抵押风险。银行向房地产开发项目发放贷款时，开发商一般将相应的土地抵押给银行。当开发商销售或预售商品房，银行向购房发放个人住房按揭贷款时，购房又将所购房屋抵押给银行，这时的房屋价值已包含相应的土地价值。如果开发商未将商品房销售收入用于归还房地产开发贷款，势必造成个人住房按揭贷款与房地产开发贷款抵押重复，增大贷款风险。     

浅析政府开发城市人力资源的策略

在城市人力资源开发中,政府的作用举足轻重.在市场经济条件下,政府开发城市人力资源的角色是:规则的提供者、信息的服务者、市场的培育者、人才权益的维护者,基于这一认识,指出目前我国政府开发城市人力资源存在问题,提出我国政府开发城市人力资源的若干具体策略.     

城市基础设施项目贷款风险与对策建议

当前,城市基础设施项目贷款的风险主要表现在法人、信用和担保三个方面。为有效防范和化解上述风险,建议贷款银行加强四项工作:一是加强对地方政府城市基础设施贷款总规模的控制,防范系统性风险;二是加强贷前项目评估和贷后信贷管理力度;三是加强与地方政府的合作,规范借款法人治理结构,建立“借、用、还”一体化的管理机制;四是在质押担保的基础上,采取多种保障措施有效防范贷款风险。     

Almanac of anticipations: The age of affluence—of anticipation—of anxiety—of automation—of discontinuity—of longing—of overkill—of space exploration

With this survey of developments in the futures field since 1945, I.F. Clarke completes his present series for Futures. He makes two major points: that forecasting techniques have become essential tools in the management of change; and that nuclear weapons and ecological problems have added a moral dimension to the study of the future. In the next issue of Futures he will start a new series on the range of future-thinking in the USA, from the expectations of the first settlers to the Star Wars programme.     

基金公司经营融资融券业务的问题审视

融资融券业务正式运营已经开展,为证券市场带来了革命性的改革,作为证券市场的一大主体,基金公司面对融资融券也迎来了新的发展方向和挑战,本文从融资融券业务的运行机制入手,分析了基金公司融资融券的新契机,并对其即将面临的问题进行审视和剖析,进而提出策略建议.     

对基层人民银行科技工作的几点建议

银监会分设后,人民银行将专司货币政策、金融稳定、金融服务三大职能。作为人民银行的分支机构,基层人民银行的工作重心也将从金融监管调整到这三大职能上来。人民银行的科技部门,就要积极运用科技手段,为人民银行履行新的职能发挥“服务、支持、促进、发展”的作用。一、围绕三大职能搭建五大平台经过“六五打基础、七五作准备、八五大发展”几个阶段后,人民银行相继实现了核算电算化、清算网络化和办公信息化。特别是近一两年来,陆续开通了大额支付系统、信贷登记咨询系统、会计四集中系统、金融信息服务网站等系统,人民银行信息化水平又…     

社会主义所有制形式的改革、完善与共产党执政能力的提高

在中国,所有制形式的调整、改革与完善,先进生产力的发展,党的执政能力建设,是社会主义建设过程中密切结合在一起的三个不同层面的发展关系.应在相互促进和共同提高中促进社会的和谐发展,保证社会主义现代化建设战略目标的顺利实现.     

Summary of Results of Survey of Seminar Attendees

Abstract

The Society of Actuaries undertook a three-phase research project on mortality improvement in the three NAFTA countries: Canada, Mexico, and the U.S. Phase 1 consisted of a literature review of papers on projecting mortality levels in the future and a study of the trend in mortality improvement during this century. Phase 2 consisted of a discussion of different facets of modeling mortality rates at a seminar attended by 79 experts (actuaries, demographers, economists, and medical researchers) representing different countries. The last session of the seminar consisted of the completion of a survey by the attendees to obtain input for Phase 3, which would analyze the impact of mortality improvement on the social security system of each country. This paper summarizes the results of the survey.

The survey results illustrate the difficulty in forecasting mortality levels, because the effects of many factors that could have significant impact on mortality rates are unknown. This suggests the need for dynamic forecasting, which allows for the possibility of random shocks. A majority of the survey respondents believe that stochastic forecasting models, despite their complexity, have significant potential to add value. Respondents also believe that both historical data and cause-specific mortality forecasts are useful as input and also in validating forecasts of the aggregate levels of mortality. The challenge is to develop more sophisticated forecasting models to produce results that are relatively easy to interpret and to communicate these results to the desired audiences, including the public and policymakers.

The survey results suggest that the aggregate effect of lifestyle changes, medical advances, diseases, catastrophe, and physical environmental changes is an increase in life span. However, there is much uncertainty about the future. Respondents expect that beyond the year 2020 the mean annual rate of reduction in mortality for males age 65 and over will average about 0.58% for Canada, 0.76% for Mexico, and 0.67% for the U.S. The results for the female age 65 and over population are 0.64%, 0.83%, and 0.70%, respectively. The age 65 and over population is expected to see larger percentage reductions in mortality than the 0–14 and 15–64 populations. The reductions in male and female mortality will be ultimately the same, and the mortality levels in the three countries will ultimately converge, although differences may persist for decades.     

The Usefulness of Measures of Consistency of Discretionary Components of Accruals in the Detection of Earnings Management

Abstract:  Prior research has shown the prevalence of measurement error in models used to estimate aggregate discretionary accruals. In these models, the incremental information content of the various components of accruals is ignored. Limited prior research and data gathered from firms under Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) litigation indicate that managers use either one or more than one component of accruals simultaneously, in a consistent way to manipulate bottom-line earnings in a given direction. I propose two measures that capture the consistency between the discretionary components of accruals and test their significance in earnings management (EM) detection in firms that have artificially added accrual manipulation and firms that were targeted by the SEC for accrual manipulation. There is evidence that this information is incrementally useful in detecting EM. This finding paves the way for improvements in the discretionary accruals measure by including consistency information from the components of aggregate accruals.     

Properties of time-series estimates of degree of leverage measures

Empirical studies suggest that time-series regression estimates of the degrees of operating and financial leverage have a tendency to produce measures less than one. According to ex ante theory, these measures should be greater than one for firms operating above the breakeven point. There have also been suggestions that the biases in these estimates may be attributable to an underlying increase in unit sales. This work presents evidence that these counter-intuitive measures are produced by changes in the firm's operating parameters (unit price, variable cost, fixed cost and interest payments). It further suggests that attempts to control for the underlying change in unit sales substantially increase the volatility of predicted estimates.     

浅议金融机构的举证责任

金融纠纷案件是当事人以存单或进账单、对账单、存款合同、保险单、票据、证券等凭证为主要证据向人民法院提出诉讼的案件,对于不同种类金融纠纷的当事人的举证责任,我国现行的金融法律、法规及司法解释有不同的规定。由于金融机构的特殊法律地位,发生金融纠纷时存在有关当事人将最后偿付风险转移给金融机构承担的主观故意,在客观上会使金融机构难以提供相应的证据来对抗不法债权人的诉讼请求,而导致金融机构败诉。为此,对金融诉讼案件中金融机构的举证责任加以研究具有重要的实践意义。     

银行软件项目外包管理分析

一、引言随着国民经济的不断发展,银行业务与外部企业的联系越来越密切。银行正逐步成为现代经济活动的中心,作为数据处理核心的银行业务应用也越来越大型化、越来越复杂化,因此许多银行也把软件项目逐步由原来的自主开发转变为与公司合作的方式,或直接外包开发的方式,银行本身的技术人员也逐步由开发转向项目管理。二、项目外包的分类银行项目的外包有以下几种情况:①部分子系统外包,有时由于银行的软件项目太大,单靠银行自身的开发力量基本无法在预定的时间内完成项目,只好把相对独立的部分外包;②直接购买软件公司的成熟产品,有些金融软…     

银行管理信息平台建设发展的思考

一、目前国内银行IT发展现状及面临的问题 银行数据集中工作的完成,标志着银行的业务由电子化建设阶段转入信息化建设阶段.一方面银行数据的集中提供了丰富全面的基础数据,面对日益庞大的数据源,如何将数字转化为对银行有用的信息,并从中发现知识,为银行的经营决策提供支持,是摆在银行IT人员面前的一个亟待解决的问题.另一方面用户对银行信息的需求日益增长,如果银行没有一套完整、实用的信息管理系统,将对业务发展非常不利.南京爱立信公司倒戈花旗银行事件曾经轰动一时,其中一个重要原因就是中国本地银行不能满足爱立信全球总部对南京爱立信公司的要求:每周财务上报和每天贷款限额管理.这一事件为中国商业银行的未来发展敲响了警钟,如果不加快管理信息系统的开发,迅速提升业务管理水平,类似的事件还会接连不断地发生,并最终导致国内商业银行在同国外商业银行的竞争中全面溃败.