战略联盟倾向、技术研发与企业的无形资产蓄积

探讨了高科技企业战略联盟模式、技术研发支出对长期无形资产价值的影响。基于合理的假设,构建了企业无形资产蓄积的实证模型,通过实证分析得出结论:当公司进行涉及股权的战略联盟行为时,会降低企业无形资产的价值蓄积;而企业进行非涉及股权的战略联盟行为时,长期而言会促进企业无形资产价值的蓄积,在此基础上提出了相关的建议。     

建立国际战略联盟 促进中国企业的跨国经营

随着经济全球化和区域经济一体化的发展,国际竞争日益激烈和复杂。国际战略联盟的出现使传统的企业的边界和国家的边界在逐渐消失,出现了在竞争中合作和在合作中竞争的复杂局面。文章从中国企业建立国际战略联盟的必要性和可能性进行分析,指出中国在入世后通过与国外跨国公司建立国际战略联盟来发展中国企业的跨国经营。     

当代战略联盟的动机及发展趋势分析

战略联盟是一种重要的组织创新形式。战略联盟的兴起不仅改变了传统的企业边界,也改变了竞争的环境和竞争的方式,战略联盟的重要性不断增强,因而日益成为企业寻求持久竞争优势的一种工具。战略联盟最本质的特征在于它是“竞争性合作组织”。本文主要分析和探讨战略联盟和结盟的动机以及战略联盟的发展与演变趋势。     

战略联盟——小企业实现内外资源结合的有效方式

战略联盟就是企业与企业之间通过进行战略性合作,形成一种协作行动竞争组织,但合作过程中各方仍然保持其生产经营的独立性。战略联盟具有边界模糊、关系松散、机动灵活、运作高效的特点。小企业战略联盟的基本动机体现在寻觅靠山、借力用力、谋求合力等方面,活动的重点是战略联盟伙伴的选择。     

企业战略联盟治理结构的选择

从交易成本和资源的角度研究战略联盟治理结构的选择问题,在交易成本理论基础上分析了影响股权合资联盟与契约联盟选择的因素。通过利用资源的观点解释如何在契约联盟中进一步选择交易联盟和组合联盟,对我国企业如何选择战略联盟治理结构提出建议。     

农工一体化企业价值链成本管理系统改进

可持续价值链分析作为改进农工一体化企业价值链成本管理系统的基本方法,在分析边界、价值创造、价值实现和价值分配四个方面对传统价值链分析进行了拓展,并通过驱动战略制定充分考虑价值活动的可持续性、识别可持续竞争优势的来源、厘清价值活动与环境和社会之间复杂的联系,从而提高了农工一体化企业价值链管理的效率和效益。本文在梳理农工一体化企业价值链结构,选择目标价值流,分析价值链活动和流程及所耗用的经济、环境和社会资源的基础上,运用可持续价值流图绘制价值链的实物流、信息流以及价值活动和流程耗用的资源,发现价值链成本管理和控制存在的问题和改进的机会,并提出改进建议。     

企业战略联盟:稳定性及其缓解机制

一、企业战略联盟:形成 动因及稳定性问题 一般说来,企业战略联盟是指由两个或两个以上有着共同战略利益和对等经营实力的企业(或特定事业和职能部门),为了达到共同拥有市场、共同使用资源等战略目标,通过各种股权、协议(或契约)而结成的优势互补、风险共担、生产要素水平式双向或多向流动的一种松散型网络组织。战略联盟多为自发的、非强制的,联盟各方仍旧保持着原有企业的经营独立性。美国战略管理学家迈克尔·波特(1998)认为,战略联盟是“企业之间达成的既超出正常交易,可是又达不到合并程度的长期协议”。     

基于中小企业角度：非股权战略联盟中不合作行为的成因与对策

随着市场竞争环境的变化,战略联盟成为中小企业提升竞争力的重要工具。中小企业技术、资金、管理、人才、市场网络等方面的实力相对较弱,实施战略联盟有利于中小企业充分发挥特长,整合资源,扬长避短,进行优势互补,建立起自己的竞争优势,从而获得较好的发展,这具有不同于大企业的特殊意义,但参与联盟也有联盟成员不合作的风险。中小企业盼实力及未来发展的需要决定了应尽量采用非股权联盟的形式,非股权联盟中不合作行为主要有投机、“要挟”和背叛三种。中小企业应通过分析不合作行为的深层原因、提高核心能力、加强沟通、建立联盟内的中小企业问次级联盟、建立社会资本等措施来减少不合作行为;政府还要推动诚信社会的建设,大力培育促进中小企业合作成长的环境。     

美国企业技术创新战略联盟的发展与案例分析

企业战略联盟是在全球盛行的企业跨国合作战略新理念。联盟合作伙伴之间的关系是既合作,又竞争。企业之间可以通过资源优势互补,建立一个相对长期、稳定的合作伙伴关系,同时加强双方的市场竞争力,这就是企业战略联盟的精髓所在。通过研究美国企业技术创新战略联盟的发展过程和特点,试图发现技术联盟的一般规律,同时借助对福特汽车公司的案例分析,使我们进一步了解企业就具体技术缔结战略联盟的过程。     

跨国战略联盟:对现代企业竞争关系一种新的诠释

所谓跨国战略联盟是指两个或两个以上的跨国经营企业为了实现具有一定的战略意义的目标，通过一定方式组成的优势互补、风险共担、要素双向或多向流动的合作关糸。这种联盟的最显的特点就是，联盟的各方地位的独立性、联盟目标的战略性、联盟形式的灵活多样性以及企业边界模糊性。战略联盟从根本上讲是一种竞争性合作组织，是介于市场与企业之间的一种特殊组织，是一种扩大经营范围而不扩大企业规模的方法。     

Pleasure and belief in Hume's Decision Process

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce explicitly pleasure and belief in what aims at being a Humean theory of decision, like the one developed in Diaye and Lapidus (2005a). Although we support the idea that Hume was in some way a hedonist – evidently different from Bentham's or Jevons' way – we lay emphasis less on continuity than on the specific kind of hedonism encountered in Hume's writings (chiefly the Treatise, the second Enquiry, the Dissertation, or some of his Essays). Such hedonism clearly contrasts to its standard modern inheritance, expressed by the relation between preferences and utility.

The reason for such a difference with the usual approach lies in the mental process that Hume puts to the fore in order to explain the way pleasure determines desires and volition. Whereas pleasure is primarily, in Hume's words, an impression of sensation, it takes place in the birth of passions as reflecting an idea of pleasure, whose “force and vivacity” is precisely a “belief”, transferred to the direct passions of desire or volition that come immediately before action. As a result, from a Humean point of view, “belief” deals with decision under risk or uncertainty, as well as with intertemporal decision and indiscrimination problems.

The latter are explored within a formal framework, and it is shown that the relation of pleasure is transformed by belief into a non-empty class of relations of desire, among which at least one is a preorder.     

Globalization,Neoliberalism and the attack on social security

Neoliberal political movements advocate privatization of public pension systems. Globalization imposes pressure on nations to conform to neoliberal policy views with respect to the design and structure of social insurance, including public pension systems. The paper begins with an investigation of the economic, ethical and ideological dimensions of the privatization debates in the U.S.; it argues that privatization advocates may be largely moved by ideology, since the other reasons advanced appear weak or unfounded. The second part discusses the history of Social Security, the purposes for its creation, and some of its economic effects. Differences between public and private pension systems are considered. A brief international comparison of some aspects of public pension system finance and benefit structures is presented. The final section considers the ethical, macroeconomic and distributional implications of privatization, prefunding and payroll tax funding, and argues for a pay as you go system financed with income taxes. In order to promote equity, economic security, community, and social cohesion, public pension systems should be universal in coverage. In order to reduce the inequality, income insecurity, and aged poverty generated by market economies, public pension systems ought to be progressive: benefit/contribution ratios should be inversely proportional to income, and progressive income taxes should finance the system. To promote economic growth, the systems should be financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, and should not be prefunded except for an emergency reserve. The fiscal policy recommendations partially depend upon the theory developed by Abba Lerner in the 1940s, and recently advanced by Wynne Godley and Randy Wray: Lerner's “principle of functional finance.”     

Interest on reserves and inflation

The payment of interest on reserves has been a common practice in inflationary economies. This policy may seem paradoxical since it involves returning part of the seigniorage, generated by the inflation process, with the intention to finance the fiscal deficit. This paper argues that the motivation for this policy can be captured by the discretionary regime, where the policymaker pays interest on reserves because he is concerned with the erosion of real liquidity by inflation, which is in part beyond his control. However, this policy is an unlikely outcome in the commitment regime, where the policymaker is in full control of inflation.     

John Stuart Mill's Theories of Wealth and Income Distribution

Although he was much influenced by David Ricardo when he wrote the classical part of his Principles , John Stuart Mill was not a Ricardian when he penned his theories of wealth and distribution. They are based on a triple foundation. First, a belief that economics is a moral discipline. Second a theory of custom-driven human behavior. Third, an empirically formed conviction that the institutions of state, education and business cooperate to structure the distribution of income. On the basis of these presuppositions, Mill formulated 1) an institutional theory of the formation of human and non-human wealth and 2) an even more institutional theory of distribution demonstrating how the aforementioned institutions malignantly skew the distribution of income to the advantage of the propertied classes and to the extreme disadvantage of the working class. As a social economist, Mill recommended institutional reforms designed to eradicate the poverty of the working class.     

Forecasting the price of gold

This article seeks to evaluate the appropriateness of a variety of existing forecasting techniques (17 methods) at providing accurate and statistically significant forecasts for gold price. We report the results from the nine most competitive techniques. Special consideration is given to the ability of these techniques to provide forecasts which outperforms the random walk (RW) as we noticed that certain multivariate models (which included prices of silver, platinum, palladium and rhodium, besides gold) were also unable to outperform the RW in this case. Interestingly, the results show that none of the forecasting techniques are able to outperform the RW at horizons of 1 and 9 steps ahead, and on average, the exponential smoothing model is seen providing the best forecasts in terms of the lowest root mean squared error over the 24-month forecasting horizons. Moreover, we find that the univariate models used in this article are able to outperform the Bayesian autoregression and Bayesian vector autoregressive models, with exponential smoothing reporting statistically significant results in comparison with the former models, and classical autoregressive and the vector autoregressive models in most cases.     

Planned adaptation in risk regulation: An initial survey of US environmental, health, and safety regulation

In principle, we want regulatory programs to be based on current realities, as reflected for example in the best knowledge of relevant experts. That would imply that old rules now on the books should be consistent with today's knowledge base, not just what was known when a rule or standard was originally set. This paper reports on a survey of US programs, examining how often existing rules are actually updated in light of better knowledge, and identifies five programs that attempt to make policy routinely adaptive. These programs exhibit what we term Planned Adaptation: they both revise rules when relevant new knowledge appears, and take steps to produce such improved knowledge. While Planned Adaptation is rare, it is used in several nationally prominent programs, including air pollution, airplane safety, and drug safety. Planned Adaptation is a policy tool that deserves more attention.     

Information infrastructure: Who builds broadband networks?

This paper examines the essential difference between the U.S. and Japan, when one considers information infrastructure. There are seven perception gaps between the U.S. and Japan concerning Information Infrastructure policies. These gaps must be understood in order to compare the countries' governmental policies in this area. In looking at the present circumstances, the essential question to answer concerns who is to build, own and operate the network(s) of the infrastructure. Liberalization is certain to be a central factor in the ongoing telecommunications debates. Now that customers have had a taste of the liberalized market-place, the movement toward more open markets will be difficult to stop. When considering options, it is necessary to pay close attention to standardized network access and the increasingly important role software plays. These issues are causing us to take a new approach to the traditional role played by regulators. They also force a closer look at the appropriate structure of utility companies. This paper addresses the above issues in hopes of stimulating dialog on the new telecommunications infrastructure paradigm.     

海岛地区产业演替及资源基础分析--以舟山群岛为例

改革开放以来,舟山市产业构成发生了显著变化,其经济发展过程可以划分为三个阶段。1992年前,是以产业结构渔业占绝对地位的单一结构阶段;1993—1998年,以旅游业为主的第三产业快速发展阶段;上世纪末以来,又进入了新一轮的经济发展时期,即工业产值比重快速增加阶段。根据海岛的自然资源基础和特点,在新世纪的经济发展过程中,舟山市应定位为生态型的港口旅游城市。以港口及临港工业为主导,以海岛旅游和海洋经济为特色,大力发展第二产业和第三产业。海岛地区的主导产业应体现海岛资源优势及区位优势,以集群性环保型产业为主。同时由于海岛地区淡水资源缺乏,主导产业也应着重选择低耗水型产业。     

风险视角下企业治理结构和研发创新——基于委托代理模型的研究

本文基于委托代理模型,从风险的视角研究企业治理结构对研发创新能力的影响。本文构建了一个包含创新活动的委托代理模型进行理论分析,利用动态DEA 模型测算创新能力,并使用2015-2018年我国上市制造业企业数据进行实证检验。实证部分检验了理论结论:委托代理问题不利于企业提升研发创新能力,且客观风险和主观风险厌恶会加剧该负面影响。基于此,本文认为上市企业应根据企业自身研发活动特点有针对性地改善企业治理结构,提出了适当延长代理人任期、推动股权激励计划、提升代理人的风险承担能力等建议。