再就业工程中的八大误区及防治对策

近年来,随着国有企业改革的深入、经济体制和经济增长方式的根本性转变、经济结构的调整和升级,企业职工下岗、失业问题日益突出.实施再就业工程,为国有企业实现三年改革和解困目标,从战略上调整国有经济布局,促进国民经济持续、稳定、协调发展创造宽松的社会环境已形成共识.但当前再就业工程在理论上、认识上、实践上存在一些亟待解决的误区,必须加以解决.我们认为,实施下岗职工再就业必须坚持效率型取向,实现我国就业模式从就业需求型、政府主导型、数量就业型向增长需求型、市场导向型、效率就业型的转变,才能达到"减员增效"的初衷,合理利用我国的劳动力资源,实现经济的可持续发展.     

新型工业化的就业政策取向--以山西为例

新型工业化强调对人力资源优势的充分发挥,对就业的总体影响是主动的、直接的、正面的、积极的,是开创就业新局势,缓解就业压力,增加就业岗位的必由之路。围绕新型工业化道路,能够扭转就业形势严峻的局面。为此应确立经济发展和扩大就业并举,促进就业、保护就业的政策理念,制订促进就业法;确立立足能源优势,支持劳动密集性产业发展以扩大就业的宏观政策取向;确立支持中小企业发展,全面启动小额贷款政策以扩大就业的长期政策取向;确立扶持社区服务和非正规就业以扩充就业的政策取向;确立完善社会保障制度和促进就业相结合的政策取向;确立强化再就业技能培训制度促进就业的政策取向;确立增加和调整各级财政专项扶持再就业资金以促进就业的政策取向。     

下岗失业问题及对策探讨

目前下岗失业已成为全社会关注的焦点。下岗失业者的就业观念陈旧、文化素质偏低,技能传统单一,政策的激励功能失调制约着再就业。促进国民经济发展,为再就业创造良好的经济环境;树立新的就业观念,以及开展教育培训等是再就业对策。     

发挥失业保险制度促进再就业功能的思考

在当前社会发展过程中,我国就业和再就业形势非常严峻,特别是大学生、农民工、困难群体的就业和再就业问题十分突出,如果不能及时有效的解决,则会对社会和谐、稳定带来较大的影响。失业保险制度的出台,在很大程度上缓解了我国就业和再就业的矛盾,由于失业保障制度具有保生活、促就业及防失业的功能,所以针对当前就业和再就业问题,需要我们进一步对失业保险制度进行完善,从而将其促就业功能更好的发挥出来,这对于解决当前就业问题是一项十分重要的举措。文章从加强失业保障制度促进再就业功能的必要性入手,对我国失业保险制度在促进就业方面存在的问题进行了分析,并进一步对完善失业保险制度促进再就业提出了具体的建议。     

关于延安市就业再就业情况的调查

就业是民生之本.摸清全市的就业现状、吃透存在的问题、探索促进就业的对策,是当前深入学习实践科学发展观,进一步认识市情的一个重要方面.为此,笔者到市劳动保障局等有关单位对我市就业再就业情况进行了调查研究.     

进一步落实再就业扶持政策的财税思考

近几年来,广西认真贯彻落实中央关于促进就业和再就业的一系列重大决策和部署,采取有力措施大力开发就业岗位,狠抓各项政策落实,加大再就业资金投入力度,强化再就业管理与服务,全面推进就业和再就业工作,并取得了较好成效。实践证明,推动再就业政策的贯彻落实,对解决下岗失业人员再就业、促进广西壮族自治区经济发展和社会稳定发挥了重要作用。但应该看到,当前全区就业再就业总体形势仍然是劳动力供大于求,并且短期内难有根本性改变。随着国有企业改革的深化,失业人数还将会增加,就业与再就业形势依然严峻。如何采取有效措施落实再就业扶持…     

长期失业人员求职意向的研究——基于公共就业服务角度的分析

本文以长期失业人员的求职意向为主题进行调查研究,并对构建的理论模型进行实证检验,从公共就业服务视角努力寻求鼓励与促进长期失业人员就业与再就业的有效措施。本文针对公共就业服务现状及鼓励长期失业人员就业与再就业的现实性和有效性的需求,提出具有可行性的就业与再就业促进措施及改善建议。     

如何促进再就业工作机制良性发展

我国目前就业形势仍然十分严峻。今后两到三年内,城镇每年需要安排就业的劳动力达2400万,而年度能够提供的就业岗位仅为1000万左右,每年就业缺口由1400万,加上1.5亿农村富余劳动力需要转出,就业更面临巨大压力。在下岗失业人员再就业的实践中,由于主管部门缺乏对此项工作的深刻认识,政策落实不到位,再就业人员素质偏低等多种原因,仍有大量的下岗失业人员"再就业困难"或出现"二次下岗失业"现象。因此,各地各级劳动和社会保障部门对于如何促进再就业工作机制良性发展这一问题的解决,已经迫在眉睫,刻不容缓。为此,我们必须做好以下几方面工作:     

劳动力商品属性与就业问题

本文分析了劳动力商品与普通商品的共性及劳动力商品所具有的特性。通过劳动力商品的特性分析了失业产生的原因和再就业的条件，提出了五条解决就业问题的思路，其中较独特的一条是改变人们的，大力宣传“三百六十行，行行出状元”的人才理念，通过人才的合理分布和劳动力需求的互补性特点扩大就业，文章对当前解决就业问题上的一些认识误区作了分析，文章分析了解决农村就业和提高农村劳动生产率的思路－将提高农业生产的组织化程度作为走活国民经济全局的重要一步棋。此外，还提出了两个重要的对策，一是通过加强基础教育提高劳动力的学习能力和再就业能力，二是培养，造就和吸引大批优秀的企业家创业，带就业的增加。     

民营经济:扩大就业,促进再就业的根本出路

民营经济是社会主义市场经济的重要组成部分。加快民营经济的发展 ,是解决就业和再就业问题的最重要途径 ,是扩大就业 ,促进再就业的根本出路。要根据党的十六大和十六届三中全会精神 ,大力发展和积极引导民营经济 ,有效解决我国严峻的就业形势。     

就业再选择与劳动力市场效率

本文认为就业再选择是劳动力市场的基本特征。通过就业再选择使企业内部劳动力市场与外部劳动力市场连接在一起而成为一个整体。劳动者进行就业再选择的频度和难易程度,决定企业内外劳动力市场一体化的程度和劳动力市场的效率水平。因此,企业的人力资源管理,则必须摆脱“员工属于组织”的传统观念,以员工的就业再选择为出发点,并且,促进劳动者进行就业再选择才是建立健全劳动力市场机制的根本途径。     

Don’t worry,be happy? Happiness and reemployment

This study investigates the effect of unemployed individuals’ happiness on their future labor market outcomes. It therefore acknowledges the possibility that happiness could also be a driver of behavior and influence life's outcomes. I use rich survey data from 2007 to 2009 of entrants into unemployment in Germany (the IZA Evaluation Dataset S) to calculate residual happiness, which displays higher (or lower) satisfaction levels than would be predicted by a number of demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. I find a statistically significant inverted U-shaped effect of residual happiness on an unemployed individual's future reemployment probability and reentry wage, even after controlling for demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, labor market histories and future job prospects. Further investigation offers three mechanisms that have not been previously shown in this context: (a) happiness is mainly a predictor for exit into self-employment rather than regular employment; (b) only male unemployed experience an effect of happiness on reemployment; and (c) the concept of locus of control and the personality traits of neuroticism and extraversion are main drivers of the baseline effect on regular reemployment and are able to explain the effect on reemployment for males.     

隐性失业影响中国就业增长与经济增长的关系吗

以有关城乡隐性失业研究为依据,计算所得1978—2009年各种情形下中国就业弹性的取值及其变动趋势较稳健地证明了中国经济增长就业带动能力弱。隐性失业仅提高某些年份的就业弹性,不能改变中国就业增长与经济增长的长期关系。就业弹性暂时提高的原因是隐性失业劳动力真正失业后以很快的速度再就业。而经济增长就业带动能力弱的根本原因是就业基数较大的农业、国有与集体单位就业吸收能力不足,以及其他经济单位就业吸收能力下降。     

就业压力下的技术政策选择

技术进步具有多种功能,既可以对就业产生严重冲击,也可以产生”第二次就业效应“、”补偿就业效应“、”关联就业效应“.我国的就业问题只能立足于国内解决。应当在适应世界科技进步潮流这个前提下考虑技术进步对就业的可能影响,选择适当的技术政策。     

宏观经济景气波动对就业增长的影响

中国不成熟的市场经济和特殊的人口环境使得用就业弹性和奥肯定律均无法有效反映我国经济增长与就业关系,更无法刻画经济波动对就业的冲击。本文从宏观经济景气波动影响就业增长的三个路径：劳动力供给、劳动力需求和政府公共就业政策来建立系统的分析模型,以探析经济波动与就业增长的长期均衡关系和滞后冲击效应。在劳动力供给系统中,经济波动使经济活动人口增多,加快了就业增长;在劳动力需求系统中,经济波动不利于经济增长,从而不利于劳动力需求增长;在政府就业促进政策系统中,社会保障和就业的投入缓和了经济波动对就业增长的冲击。     

Task Routineness and Trade Policy Preferences

Understanding the formation of individual trade policy preferences is a fundamental input into the modeling of trade policy outcomes. Surprisingly, past studies have found mixed evidence that various labor market and industry attributes of workers affect their trade policy preferences, even though recent studies have found that trade policy can have substantial impacts on workers' incomes. This paper provides the first analysis of the extent to which task routineness affects trade policy preferences using survey data from the American National Election Studies. We find significant evidence that greater task routineness leads workers to be much more supportive of import restrictions, consistent with recent evidence on how trade openness puts downward pressure on employment and wages for workers whose occupations involve routine tasks. In fact, other than education levels, task routineness is the only labor market attribute that displays a robust correlation with individuals' stated trade policy preferences. We also provide evidence that there are some interactions between the economic and non‐economic factors in our study. For example, women's trade policy views are much more invariant to their labor market attributes than men, suggesting that women's views on this issue are driven more by personal and ideological beliefs than men.     

ARE DISAGREEMENTS AMONG MALE AND FEMALE ECONOMISTS MARGINAL AT BEST?: A SURVEY OF AEA MEMBERS AND THEIR VIEWS ON ECONOMICS AND ECONOMIC POLICY

The authors survey economists in the United States holding membership in the American Economic Association (AEA) to determine if there are significant differences in views between male and female economists on important policy issues. Controlling for place of current employment (academic institution with graduate program, academic institution—undergraduate only, government, for‐profit institution) and decade of PhD, the authors find many areas in which economists agree. However, important differences exist in the views of male and female economists on issues including the minimum wage, views on labor standards, health insurance, and especially on explanations for the gender wage gap and issues of equal opportunity in the labor market and the economics profession itself. These results lend support to the notion that gender diversity in policy‐making circles may be an important aspect in broadening the menu of public policy choices. (JEL A11, J78, A14)     

The rise of part-time employment in the great recession: Its causes and macroeconomic effects

During the Great Recession, the U.S. economy witnessed a substantial rise in part-time employment for a sustained period. We extend the New Keynesian unemployment model by Galí et al. (2012) to allow substitutions between full-time and part-time labor, and estimate the model’s parameters by using the Bayesian method. In our model, households and firms can optimally allocate full-time and part-time labor, and disturbances exist in part-time labor supply (household disutility from part-time labor) and part-time labor demand (firms’ efficiency to use part-time labor). As for the Great Recession, the initial increase in part-time employment at the outset of the financial crisis is mostly explained by the rise of the risk premia; the persistently high level of part-time employment in the later period is mainly explained by an exogenous increase in part-time labor supply. A part-time labor supply shock also explains a significant portion of slow recovery in the gross wage during the recession, as the shock lowers the part-time wage and the proportion of full-time workers in total employment. Notably, the results from our model suggest that though the transition from full-time to part-time jobs contributed to mitigating the sharp contraction in total employment and labor force during the Great Recession, it played only a limited role in relieving recessionary pressure.     

外来劳动力挤占了本地居民的就业机会吗??

城市就业包容性的提升是实现城镇化发展的重要内容,而异质外来移民对原有居民的就业机会将产生不同影响.文章运用动态监测数据,按劳动力的技能水平、所属行业和流入时期分析城市劳动力市场的就业包容性,衡量人力资本等因素在异质外来劳动力就业过程中的作用机制.研究发现：(1)总体而言,人力资本的差异性取代传统的行业壁垒已成为获取就业机会的主要因素.(2)进一步使用工具变量,对劳动力组群的就业决定模型进行估计发现,外来劳动力占比每上升10％,城市原有劳动力的就业率将下降0．04－1．99个百分点,表现为外来劳动力对城市原有低技能劳动力就业率的影响并不明显,但对高技能劳动力的就业率产生显著冲击,且此现象在部分高进入门槛行业尤为明显.(3)城市劳动力市场对不同时期流入的高技能组劳动力的包容性显著低于低技能组,高技能组劳动力之间存在更高的替代性.(4)与本地劳动力的就业率相比,新进入的外来劳动力对前期进入的外来劳动力的就业率的影响会更大,且这种影响同样会随着受教育程度的提高而递增.因此,在完善就业市场的同时,应在就业的前置和后置环节制定更有针对性的人才培养机制和引入措施.     

测量中国经济的劳动投入:1982—2000年

本文通过编制可以反映劳动质量变化的劳动投入指数,给出了包括劳动质量改善在内的劳动投入增长,同时明确了单纯从业人数增长和劳动质量改善在劳动投入增长中的相对重要性。本文通过分解的方法进一步探讨了劳动质量改善的源泉。主要结论有,1982—2000年期间,从业人数年均增长率为1.8%,而考虑劳动质量改善之后的劳动投入年均增长率高达3.23%。二者之差为劳动质量改善对劳动投入的贡献,其贡献度超过44%。分区间看,劳动质量改善对劳动投入增长的贡献呈上升趋势,由1982—1987年间的21%上升到1995—2000年的68%。劳动质量改善的源泉主要来自于整体从业人员中第一产业比重的下降,以及从业人员教育水平的提高。