知识管理研究综述

知识管理理论的发展与智力资本、战略理论中知识基础论及认识论等密切相关,根据对知识认识的不同角度可分为知识管理是信息处理工具和知识管理是战略管理工具;知识管理模型可分为知识分类模型、智力资本模型和社会结构模型等三种类型.知识管理理论的进一步发展需要解决知识管理的边界模糊、个人所有的知识转化为组织的知识需要解决隐性知识与显性知识的转化等问题.     

知识管理在企业生产过程中的演化

探讨了知识管理在企业生产过程中的演化阶段,阐述了市场和技术这两个重要因素对企业知识管理的影响。在企业生产中,市场和技术是企业生产发展的动力所在。市场和技术实质就是说明企业生产什么和如何生产的基本问题。知识管理的发展演化也是围绕着市场和技术展开的。知识管理的演化过程经历了产品导向、市场导向和知识导向3个阶段。     

企业研发过程的知识分析

企业研发过程是一种知识活动。结合企业知识理论,指出企业研发过程可以从知识源、知识场和知识活动3个方面进行描述。提出企业研发过程的3种知识场:基于问题的知识场、基于任务的知识场和基于兴趣的知识场。企业研发的知识活动包括知识创新、知识转移、知识交流、知识共享等,并构建了企业研发过程的知识活动模型,分析了企业的知识活动等与企业研发的关系。研究为企业研发过程提供了理论依据和策略借鉴。     

基于业务流程的制造企业知识链模型研究

制造企业希望通过实施知识管理提高企业的知识共享与知识创新能力,然而结果并不理想,究其原因是知识管理的宽泛及与企业业务流程脱钩。为了制造企业能合理有效地管理知识资源,构建了基于业务流程的制造企业知识链模型,模型由知识活动、支撑要素、驱动要素和反馈机制四部分构成。知识链模型的构建为制造企业实施知识管理提供了理论模型。     

论企业企业资本与核心能力的整合

西文综述了已有关企业核心能力的研究，在此基础上提出了企业核心能力要解决的三个基本问题。相应提出了“基于知识资本的核心能力轮轴”、“核心能力特征参量罗盘”及“知识资本与核心能力耦合矩阵”三种新的分析工具来探索这三个基本命题的求解。构建了“基于知识资本企业核心能力”的理论与操作体系，力求从本质上揭示企业培育核心能力的内在机理与根本规律。     

企业知识管理研究

文章介绍了企业知识管理的基本内涵及其基本特征,突出了企业知识管理的重要性。在此基础上描述了企业知识管理的理论基础并简单介绍了企业知识管理的三种模型。最后提出了企业知识管理的一些对策和注意点。     

基于核心流程的知识管理审计模型

在分析现有知识管理审计模型的基础上,提出基于核心流程的知识管理审计模型。基于核心流程的知识管理审计模型包含10个步骤：获取企业战略信息并确认企业流程;确认企业核心流程并设立评价标准;对企业核心流程进行排序并选择;确认关键人物;与关键人物会谈;获取知识库存;分析知识流;绘制知识图谱;形成知识审计报告;持续开展知识再审计。周期性地应用该模型是审计企业关键知识的有效策略,有利于识别知识管理存在的问题并加以改进。循环应用该模型后,有可能判别企业是否具有有价值的资产、知识流量和良好的氛围以实施知识管理。     

基于知识管理水平的企业分类及其演进研究

知识管理在企业中应用,可以改善企业的管理绩效,并提升企业的竞争力.提出了评估企业知识管理的两个维度--知识整合和知识创新,并以此为基础,建立了基于知识管理水平的企业分类二维四分模型,通过对模型中4类企业的详细分析,给出了各类企业的不同演进路径.     

吸收能力与企业创新绩效

吸收能力理论被广泛用于研究复杂的组织现象,是技术创新、组织学习、知识管理、产业经济与战略管理等多学科领域研究所涉及的核心指标,很多学者用该理论解释不同的企业创新绩效。本文首先回顾了相关文献,说明了吸收能力的基本内涵和模型。其次在企业网络的视角下,探讨了企业吸收能力对企业创新绩效的直接作用和调节作用。第三,总结了两个基于企业吸收能力的企业创新绩效影响因素的研究模型,并分析了模型的优缺点。最后,本文指出随着外部知识资源对企业创新重要性的增强,不能继续把知识作为一个已知的常量,要区分不同的知识属性是否对企业创新绩效有显著的影响作用。要以企业吸收能力为核心,从整体的角度系统探讨影响企业创新绩效的关键因素,用有效的研究方法科学地分析各关键因素之间的相互关系以及对企业创新绩效的不同影响作用。     

知识管理视角下的商业模式设计与创新

文章对近期商业模式概念进行必要的回顾和梳理,提出修正定义,我们发现知识管理的动态过程对企业商业模式的转型有着直接和决定性的影响。分析的关键在于:如何有效建立知识管理与商业模式之间的理论联系。为此,构建基于知识容器理念的纵向职能结构模型,以反映商业模式内在活动和流程的知识特性。本文提出三个假定命题:(1)基于知识的职能体系是企业有效管理自身商业模式的核心元素;(2)企业的关键知识特征是促成商业模式基础逻辑成立的基础条件;(3)知识管理对商业模式构成、转型有着直接因果联系。     

Firm age: a survey

This survey paper synthesizes theory and evidence on processes of firm-level aging. We discuss why anthropomorphic analogies are not helpful for understanding firm aging, because of differences in population pyramid shapes (with around 50 % of firms exiting after just 3 years), no upper bound on firm ages, and no deterministic change in performance with firm age. We discuss the liabilities of newness, adolescence, and senescence and obsolescence, and define what we mean by the direct and indirect causal effects of age. Our causal model also helps clarify previous confusion about why controlling for size in regressions of firm age on survival can reverse the results (Simpson’s paradox and the ‘bad control’ problem). While aging processes can occur at many levels (employee-level, firm-level, cohort-level, etc.), we focus on the firm-level. We summarize empirical work on firm age and conclude that the most interesting age effects occur within the first 5–7 years, which underscores the importance of datasets that do not under-represent young firms.     

Knowledge Management Tools, Inter-Organizational Relationships, Innovation and Firm Performance

The business value of information technology is an enduring research question. This research provides new insights to better understand the mechanisms supporting this relation by analyzing the impact of knowledge management tools (KMTs) on the performances of business units involved in inter-firm collaborative innovation projects. We extend current literature by developing and empirically testing a model where: (1) the use of KMTs is affected by critical organizational variables, (2) KMTs can impact the innovation and financial performances of business units. We find that mutual trust and culture for change do not affect the extent of the use of KMTs, while collaborative experience and naturalness in using ICTs as substitutive of face-to-face contacts have a significant impact. Moreover, we show that a more intense use of KMTs has a direct positive effect on new product performance and speed to market, as well as on financial performance. Yet, only new product performance acts as an indirect conduit linking KMT use and financial performances. This article provides a discussion and perspectives of further research concerning the impact of KMTs on innovation practices in inter-firm collaborative environments.     

Technological diffusion,the diffusion of skill and the growth of outsourcing in US manufacturing

The development of knowledge requires investment, which may be made in terms of financial resources or time. Open source software (OSS) has challenged much of the traditional reasoning by suggesting that individuals behave altruistically and contribute to a public good, despite the opportunity to free-ride. The lion’s share of the existing literature on OSS examines communities, that is, those individuals whom are already part of the OSS community. In contrast, this paper starts from users with the requisite skill to use and develop OSS. This group of skilled individuals could potentially invest into the development of OSS knowledge, but they may or may not do so in actuality. This paper, therefore, explores three issues, which have not been extensively explored in the literature, namely, (1) how frequently a group of skilled people use OSS, (2) reasons for differences among users and non-users in terms of use and attitudes, and (3) how frequently, and why, some users contribute to OSS projects (and thereby become developers). In doing so, we consider the opportunity costs of use and development of OSS, which has been largely neglected in the literature. We find that the individuals have a rather pragmatic attitude to firms and that many are active in both firms and OSS community, which raises many questions for future research about the role and influence of firms on the development and diffusion of OSS.     

Codification,Abstraction, and Firm Differences: A Cognitive Information-based Perspective

Synopsis The resource-based view shares with population ecology, organizational systematics, organizational cladistics, and institutional theory a concern with why firms differ and with what keeps them different. These two questions only have meaning if – as has been the case in the eoclassical theory of the firm – similarities between firms are taken as the default assumption. This paper distinguishes between ontological heterogeneity – differences in the world – and epistemic heterogeneity – differences in the way that the world is construed. Focusing on the latter, it puts forward an argument for taking epistemic heterogeneity between firms as the default assumption. It starts with a general analysis of how living systems make sense of the world. It then goes on to identify the cognitive activities of codification and abstraction as key sources of epistemic heterogeneity. The findings are applied to those systems called firms where a dominant logic allows epistemic heterogeneity to persist. In some case this leads to competitive advantage, in others to a debilitating inertia. The implications for a knowledge-based theory of the firm are briefly explored.     

Technological Constraints,Firm Heterogeneity,and Location Choice of Multinational Enterprises

This paper aims to examine the relationship between the location choices of multinational enterprises and their productivity considering the North–South differences in regard to technological constraints. We find that home firms with the highest level of productivity choose to undertake foreign direct investment (FDI) in the developed countries and they choose to export to, rather than do FDI in, developing countries. This result explains why not many high tech industries exist in developing countries. Using Japanese firm level data, we also confirm that Japanese high tech firms tend to undertake FDI in developed countries, but hesitate to invest in developing countries empirically.     

Chief technology officer roles and performance

This paper assesses the impact of Chief Technology Officers (CTO) on firm performance using upper-echelon theory, human capital theory and social capital theory. The upper-echelon theory is used to investigate how CTO roles are realised within a company regardless of the individual who carries them out, i.e. through a formal CTO position or not. Human and social capital theories are employed to assess how certain features of CTO influences his/her effect on company performance. Thus, this explorative study investigates two questions: (1) do CTO roles affect a firm's performance?, and (2) which features of the senior manager in charge of technology influence performance? To answer these questions the study first develops a conceptual model and subsequently tests the model based on a survey of 49 firms in electronics and machinery industries in Turkey. Two findings emerge: (1) the fulfilment of CTO roles increases a firm's profitability and (2) the existence of a distinct managerial technology position further improves profitability. Moreover, the study clearly shows the role of social capital theory in explaining how the company performance is likely to increase when the CTO/CTO-proxy manager is placed on a higher rung on the organisational ladder.     

企业专利与外部融资

除保护技术输出的传统职能外,专利在企业和利益相关者沟通中也发挥着重要的信号传递职能。其中,专利在资本市场上的信号价值近年来备受关注,已有研究指出专利作为质量信号有助于企业获得投资者认可,并且专利信号效果依赖于投资者获得企业信息的多少。在此基础上,进一步讨论了投资者获得企业信息的内容对信号价值的影响。具体地,在负面信号情境下（企业过去的财务绩效差、收益波动性大、未来不确定性高）,专利的信号价值更强,而在正面信号情境专利信号效果减弱。利用来自深沪两市1 787家上市公司2000-2011年面板数据验证了以上假设,专利数量和外部融资之间存在正向关系,并且在负面信号情境下二者正向关系更强。稳健性检验进一步表明,发明专利的信号效应比非发明专利更强,而私企的专利信号效应比国企更强。     

The effects of foreign direct investment on domestic firms

This paper uses firm‐level panel data to investigate empirically the effects of foreign direct investment on the productivity performance of domestic firms in three emerging economies of Central and Eastern Europe: Bulgaria, Romania and Poland. To this end, a unique firm‐level panel dataset is used with detailed information on foreign ownership at the firm level. Two main questions are addressed in the present paper: (1) do foreign firms perform better than their domestic counterparts? (2) do foreign firms generate spillovers to domestic firms? The estimation technique in this paper takes potential endogeneity of ownership, spillovers and other factors into account by estimating a fixed effects model using instrumental variables in the general methods of moment technique for panel data. Only in Poland, do foreign firms perform better than firms without foreign participation. Moreover, for all three countries studied here, I find no evidence of positive spillovers to domestic firms, on average. In contrast, on average, there are negative spillovers to domestic firms in Bulgaria and Romania, while there are no spillovers to domestic firms in Poland. This suggests a negative competition effect that dominates a positive technology effect. JEL classification: D24, F14, O52, P31.     

Contracts,incentives and organizations: Hart and Holmström Nobel Laureates

This article reviews the contribution of Hart and Holmström, the 2016 Nobel Laureates in economics. Holmström's work on the principal-agent problem answered questions as to what should (and should not) be included in an incentive contract. His work helped explain the simple structure of incentive contracts we typically observe in the real world. The models he developed have been used to address questions of CEO compensation, organizational design and optimal regulation. A key element of Hart's research focused on the question of what are the optimal boundaries of a firm (and indeed, what a firm actually is). In doing so he developed the incomplete-contracts framework, which has subsequently been used to explain many economic phenomena whenever renegotiation is important, including authority and decision-making structures in firms, why financial contracts look the way they do, and various questions in international trade and public policy.     

Developing Country Second‐Mover Advantage in Competition Over Environmental Standards and Taxes

We show that, in competition between a developed country and a developing country over environmental standards and taxes, the developing country may have a “second‐mover advantage.” In our model, firms do not unanimously prefer lower environmental standard levels. We introduce this feature to an otherwise familiar model of fiscal competition. Four distinct outcomes can be characterized by varying the marginal cost to firms of an environmental externality: (1) the outcome may be efficient; (2) the developing country may be a “pollution haven”—a place to escape excessively high environmental standards in the developed country; (3) the developing country may “undercut” the developed country and attract all firms; (4) the developed country may be a pollution haven.