杨炎税制改革对我国税改的启示

唐中期税收思想家杨炎,虽然命运跌宕起伏但是在其为相时期匡救时弊适时的推行两税法以进行税制改革,精简税制、公平税负,促进了当时唐朝经济的发展,同时杨炎的税收思想精神也流传至今。我国现阶段税制改革也应当秉承适应经济发展需要的精神,坚持遵循税收公平原则、简便原则、效率原则等,完善我国税制使之成为我国经济发展的助推器。     

中国古代的农村税费改革及其历史启示

本文概述了我国历史上的三次重要的税费改革:唐朝的"两税法"、明朝的"一条鞭法"和清朝的"摊丁入亩".总结了三次税费改革的背景、内容及结果,分析了三次税费改革的经验教训,对我国当前农村税费改革提供了深层次的启示.     

从一条鞭法看我们今天的税费改革

赋税自从出现以来,便与社会的政治和经济紧紧联系起来,综观史籍,我们不难发现,轻徭薄赋的政策的运行,带来了国家的昌盛、人民的富庶、社会的进步和发展,出现了史家称颂的“文景之治”、“贞观之治”、“洪武之治”、“康乾之治”。历代的统治者,特别是明于治国的政治家无不把治理赋税当成“治国安邦”的关键政策,防止赋税成为人民灾难的渊薮,朝代更迭的导火索,相对讲其中较为成功的有唐代两税法,明朝的一条鞭法,清代的     

两税法改革的历史借鉴

两税法在中国财税史上留下了浓墨重彩的一笔,其在财税体制方面的经验与教训值得我们深思。本文基于财税体制的考察视角,并结合全面推进营改增的时代背景,从两税法的产生原因、改革内容、各方影响等方面进行考察,以期为当前的财税体制改革提供一定的历史借鉴。     

由“黄宗羲定律“想到的

中国历史上出现过无数次"并税除费"式改革,唐朝的两税法、明朝的一条鞭法、清朝的摊丁入亩皆属此列.其宗旨都是要把从朝廷到基层的明暗正杂诸税"悉并为一条""一切总征之",并同时下令不得再征他税,往往还有发放"易知由单"(法定税目表)等配套措施,允许农民照单纳税,并拒绝税目以外的杂派.这些改革大都可以在短期内使"向来弊为之一清",然而它的中长期效果却无一例外地与初衷相左,总会催生新一轮杂派高潮.黄宗羲在<明夷待访录中>,将其概括为"积累莫返之害",财政史上称之为"黄宗羲定律".     

中国古代乡里的财政制度

一、中国古代乡里组织制度的沿革 　　中国古代的乡里组织是以村落共同体机能为前提,政治经济社会职能不够完备的辅助性一级政府机构.其主要职能是教化乡民,维护农村社会秩序,组织赋税收入. 　　……     

元代和买法律制度考论

和买,泛指官府向民间购买物品的行为。其核心便是“和”,即蕴含着自愿交易、买卖的官民双方地位平等、官府购买民间物品应以货币的形式支付对价等含义。为了规范和买行为和保障和买秩序,元继于宋,确立起了一整套包括均平摊派、时估、法定程序、和买钱货两清的支付原则、税课管理制度等在内的和买法律制度体系。然而,和买法律制度在“商品化/赋税化”“和/不和”的博弈中,最终滑向了政府主导、赋税化的境地,而随意的摊派与吏治的败坏在其中起到了催化剂的作用。和买法律制度只能在一定程度上起到减缓其由“和”向“不和”的赋税化性质蜕化的作用。     

人丁“赋税单位说”质疑——清初人丁尾数问题辨析

清代顺治、康熙、雍正时期至乾隆初年,户口统计只计户数和人丁数,有些人丁数还带有尾数,个别学者据此将人丁仅视为与人口无关的赋税单位,这种概括是不准确的.带尾数的人丁数是原始人丁数进行折算的结果,虽然不等于实际人口或人丁数,但其性质仍是人口数字.人丁不是赋税单位,人丁数也不是赋税额.     

唐朝军事法立法特点

唐朝是中国古代封建社会经济、政治、军事、外交、法律都比较发达和完善的时期。其军事法律已经有一套较为完善的立法体制,军事法律内容也比较丰富和完备,其立法也有了自身所特有的特点。本文主要从三个方面介绍了唐朝军事法立法的特点。     

试论赋税文化学

对文化问题近年来国内外展开热烈讨论．赋税文化学更是一十新概念。因此．有必要对赋税文化的含义、特点和研究对象进行说明。赋税文化学是文化学的分支学科，既不能等同于经济文化学．又不同于财政文化。不了解文化学也就弄不清赋税文化学，要研究赋税文化也就必须先懂得文化学。     

Almanac of anticipations: The age of affluence—of anticipation—of anxiety—of automation—of discontinuity—of longing—of overkill—of space exploration

With this survey of developments in the futures field since 1945, I.F. Clarke completes his present series for Futures. He makes two major points: that forecasting techniques have become essential tools in the management of change; and that nuclear weapons and ecological problems have added a moral dimension to the study of the future. In the next issue of Futures he will start a new series on the range of future-thinking in the USA, from the expectations of the first settlers to the Star Wars programme.     

社会主义所有制形式的改革、完善与共产党执政能力的提高

在中国,所有制形式的调整、改革与完善,先进生产力的发展,党的执政能力建设,是社会主义建设过程中密切结合在一起的三个不同层面的发展关系.应在相互促进和共同提高中促进社会的和谐发展,保证社会主义现代化建设战略目标的顺利实现.     

基金公司经营融资融券业务的问题审视

融资融券业务正式运营已经开展,为证券市场带来了革命性的改革,作为证券市场的一大主体,基金公司面对融资融券也迎来了新的发展方向和挑战,本文从融资融券业务的运行机制入手,分析了基金公司融资融券的新契机,并对其即将面临的问题进行审视和剖析,进而提出策略建议.     

对基层人民银行科技工作的几点建议

银监会分设后,人民银行将专司货币政策、金融稳定、金融服务三大职能。作为人民银行的分支机构,基层人民银行的工作重心也将从金融监管调整到这三大职能上来。人民银行的科技部门,就要积极运用科技手段,为人民银行履行新的职能发挥“服务、支持、促进、发展”的作用。一、围绕三大职能搭建五大平台经过“六五打基础、七五作准备、八五大发展”几个阶段后,人民银行相继实现了核算电算化、清算网络化和办公信息化。特别是近一两年来,陆续开通了大额支付系统、信贷登记咨询系统、会计四集中系统、金融信息服务网站等系统,人民银行信息化水平又…     

Properties of time-series estimates of degree of leverage measures

Empirical studies suggest that time-series regression estimates of the degrees of operating and financial leverage have a tendency to produce measures less than one. According to ex ante theory, these measures should be greater than one for firms operating above the breakeven point. There have also been suggestions that the biases in these estimates may be attributable to an underlying increase in unit sales. This work presents evidence that these counter-intuitive measures are produced by changes in the firm's operating parameters (unit price, variable cost, fixed cost and interest payments). It further suggests that attempts to control for the underlying change in unit sales substantially increase the volatility of predicted estimates.     

浅议金融机构的举证责任

金融纠纷案件是当事人以存单或进账单、对账单、存款合同、保险单、票据、证券等凭证为主要证据向人民法院提出诉讼的案件,对于不同种类金融纠纷的当事人的举证责任,我国现行的金融法律、法规及司法解释有不同的规定。由于金融机构的特殊法律地位,发生金融纠纷时存在有关当事人将最后偿付风险转移给金融机构承担的主观故意,在客观上会使金融机构难以提供相应的证据来对抗不法债权人的诉讼请求,而导致金融机构败诉。为此,对金融诉讼案件中金融机构的举证责任加以研究具有重要的实践意义。     

Summary of Results of Survey of Seminar Attendees

Abstract

The Society of Actuaries undertook a three-phase research project on mortality improvement in the three NAFTA countries: Canada, Mexico, and the U.S. Phase 1 consisted of a literature review of papers on projecting mortality levels in the future and a study of the trend in mortality improvement during this century. Phase 2 consisted of a discussion of different facets of modeling mortality rates at a seminar attended by 79 experts (actuaries, demographers, economists, and medical researchers) representing different countries. The last session of the seminar consisted of the completion of a survey by the attendees to obtain input for Phase 3, which would analyze the impact of mortality improvement on the social security system of each country. This paper summarizes the results of the survey.

The survey results illustrate the difficulty in forecasting mortality levels, because the effects of many factors that could have significant impact on mortality rates are unknown. This suggests the need for dynamic forecasting, which allows for the possibility of random shocks. A majority of the survey respondents believe that stochastic forecasting models, despite their complexity, have significant potential to add value. Respondents also believe that both historical data and cause-specific mortality forecasts are useful as input and also in validating forecasts of the aggregate levels of mortality. The challenge is to develop more sophisticated forecasting models to produce results that are relatively easy to interpret and to communicate these results to the desired audiences, including the public and policymakers.

The survey results suggest that the aggregate effect of lifestyle changes, medical advances, diseases, catastrophe, and physical environmental changes is an increase in life span. However, there is much uncertainty about the future. Respondents expect that beyond the year 2020 the mean annual rate of reduction in mortality for males age 65 and over will average about 0.58% for Canada, 0.76% for Mexico, and 0.67% for the U.S. The results for the female age 65 and over population are 0.64%, 0.83%, and 0.70%, respectively. The age 65 and over population is expected to see larger percentage reductions in mortality than the 0–14 and 15–64 populations. The reductions in male and female mortality will be ultimately the same, and the mortality levels in the three countries will ultimately converge, although differences may persist for decades.     

The Usefulness of Measures of Consistency of Discretionary Components of Accruals in the Detection of Earnings Management

Abstract:  Prior research has shown the prevalence of measurement error in models used to estimate aggregate discretionary accruals. In these models, the incremental information content of the various components of accruals is ignored. Limited prior research and data gathered from firms under Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) litigation indicate that managers use either one or more than one component of accruals simultaneously, in a consistent way to manipulate bottom-line earnings in a given direction. I propose two measures that capture the consistency between the discretionary components of accruals and test their significance in earnings management (EM) detection in firms that have artificially added accrual manipulation and firms that were targeted by the SEC for accrual manipulation. There is evidence that this information is incrementally useful in detecting EM. This finding paves the way for improvements in the discretionary accruals measure by including consistency information from the components of aggregate accruals.     

银行软件项目外包管理分析

一、引言随着国民经济的不断发展,银行业务与外部企业的联系越来越密切。银行正逐步成为现代经济活动的中心,作为数据处理核心的银行业务应用也越来越大型化、越来越复杂化,因此许多银行也把软件项目逐步由原来的自主开发转变为与公司合作的方式,或直接外包开发的方式,银行本身的技术人员也逐步由开发转向项目管理。二、项目外包的分类银行项目的外包有以下几种情况:①部分子系统外包,有时由于银行的软件项目太大,单靠银行自身的开发力量基本无法在预定的时间内完成项目,只好把相对独立的部分外包;②直接购买软件公司的成熟产品,有些金融软…