美国日益重视纳米技术的环境、健康和安全风险研究

随着纳米技术产品市场的不断扩大，纳米技术潜在的环境、健康和安全风险日益突出。旱在2000年美国便设立“国家纳米技术计划”，开始关注纳米技术引发的环境、健康和安全问题。目前美国在此研究领域已处于世界领先地住。美国的五大机构：国立卫生研究院、国家职业安全与健康研究所、国家标准和技术研究院、环保署、食品和药品管理局等担负起对相关研究进行协调与评估的责任。不断完善相关法规，保证负责任地研发和应用纳米技术。     

美国面向经济的研究与发展政策调整

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美国汽车制造技术未来发展重点

自美国政府与克莱斯勒、福特和通用三大汽车公司于1993年9月29日共同宣布开发新一代汽车的伙伴关系计划,联合开发节能效益高,环保效果好的新型汽车后,为了确保该计划的实施,美国政府1995年在另一项旨在提高美国工业技术竞争性的先进技术计划(ATP)中提出了美国汽车制造技术在今后一段时间(约3—5年)内的发展重点。力图通过政府与私营企业共同承担研究与开发风险的方式,帮助美国汽车制造工业提高技术水平,增强其竞争能力。本文所述的就是美国政府公布的先进技术计划中有关美国汽车制造技术今后发展目标的内容。     

美国纳米技术的研究与开发

目前，美国、日本和欧洲是纳米技术领域的领头羊，但三者之间在水平上可谓旗鼓相当，任何一方都不敢说自己已经占据了绝对的领先优势，因而使得这场竞争更加激烈。为了赢得这场世纪之战的最终胜利，美国政府和科技界在纳米科技领域采取了一系列重要举措，在纳米科技计划设置、优先领域选择、研发项目管理和研发经费投入等方面形成了自己的特色。国家纳米技术计划１．出台背景１９９６至１９９８年间，以美国国家科学基金会为首的十余家政府机构联合出资并委托Loyola学院的“世界技术评估中心”，在美国国内以及法国、德国、比利时、荷兰、…     

美国航空研究和开发政策

自1903年莱特兄弟首次成功飞行以来,美国政府在推进现代航空基础科学和技术领域发挥了主导作用,但从未出台指导航空研究和开发的联邦政策。2006年12月,美国总统布什签署关于国家航空研究与开发的行政令,同时发布美国政府首份《国家航空研究和开发政策》文件。行政令指出,航空和飞行科学的持续发展对美国经济繁     

美国拜登政府供应链政策及启示建议

2021年，美国拜登政府签署了一系列供应链相关的行政令，旨在加强美国在关键领域供应链的弹性和自主可控性，支撑美国国家安全和发展。根据该行政令，美国白宫发布了供应链百日评估审查报告及公共卫生弹性供应链战略报告，指出美国本土供应链存在的问题，并对未来发展进行了规划。在供应链相关行政令执行一年后，美国政府在供应链战略、制度与政策、扶持措施等方面采取了一系列行动并取得了进展。通过介绍美国政府在相关重点领域供应链的安全评估、战略规划、法律保证等总体情况，梳理了美国推动重点领域供应链安全的具体做法，分析了其对中国重点领域供应链安全的影响，并提出了对中国的启示和建议。     

美国纳米技术发展状况

发展举措及取得的成果2000年,美国时任总统克林顿宣布,将启动“国家纳米行动计划”(NNI)。2001年,该计划正式实施。美国政府视NNI为确保21世纪上半叶占据纳米技术领先地位的关键举措。联邦政府在国家科学技术委员会下专门成立了纳米科学、工程与技术分委会,具体负责这一计划的组织实施。参与该计划的部门包括:国防部、能源部、交通部、农业部、国家环保总署、国家航空航天局(NASA)、国家科学基金会、国家卫生研究院和国家标准与技术研究院等。2001至2002财政年度,NNI计划的资金投入为6.4亿美元,到2002至2003年度经费达到7.1亿美元,比…     

日本农业和食品加工领域纳米技术的应用研究

日本政府从20世纪80年代初开始实施纳米技术基础研究的相关计划,90年代初开始推进应用开发,新世纪初制定了"纳米领域推进战略",明确要求国家对纳米技术的实用化和产业化研发重点配置资源.随着生命科学领域纳米技术基础研究的不断深入,政府开始重视纳米技术在农业领域的开发应用,通过科技立项逐步推进相关研究和开发,重点是以生物功能的创新利用为目的,通过纳米技术与生物技术等交叉融合,进行纳米级的生物结构探明、功能解析、新功能生物材料研制和低成本高效率的产业化应用技术开发.本文概要介绍了目前及近期日本政府主导的农业领域纳米技术应用研究的计划、内容、预期目标、进展和成果等.     

美国近年先进材料战略与具体行动

作为世界第一超级大国,美国先进材料研究发展战略部署历来是超前的和较为全面的,近年来尤为强化,制定了一系列与先进材料相关的国家级计划,如未来工业材料计划、国家纳米技术计划、先进汽车材料计划、下一代照明光源计划等。先进材料在新能源等多个产业中起到基础作用,但目前研发周期较长。先进材料产业被认为是美国近年振兴制造业的重点之一。2011年6月启动的“材料基因组计划”（MGI）是美国政府跨部门统筹现有计划、全面布局的重要举措,能源部、国家科学基金会、国家标准与技术研究院及国防部等部门对此响应积极。     

无线传感器网络安全策略

随着传感器、计算机、无线通信及微机电等技术的发展和相互融合,产生了无线传感器网络（wireless sen-sor network,WSN）,目前WSN的应用越来越广泛,已涉及国防军事、国家安全等敏感领域,安全问题的解决是这些应用得以实施的基本保证。     

Pleasure and belief in Hume's Decision Process

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce explicitly pleasure and belief in what aims at being a Humean theory of decision, like the one developed in Diaye and Lapidus (2005a). Although we support the idea that Hume was in some way a hedonist – evidently different from Bentham's or Jevons' way – we lay emphasis less on continuity than on the specific kind of hedonism encountered in Hume's writings (chiefly the Treatise, the second Enquiry, the Dissertation, or some of his Essays). Such hedonism clearly contrasts to its standard modern inheritance, expressed by the relation between preferences and utility.

The reason for such a difference with the usual approach lies in the mental process that Hume puts to the fore in order to explain the way pleasure determines desires and volition. Whereas pleasure is primarily, in Hume's words, an impression of sensation, it takes place in the birth of passions as reflecting an idea of pleasure, whose “force and vivacity” is precisely a “belief”, transferred to the direct passions of desire or volition that come immediately before action. As a result, from a Humean point of view, “belief” deals with decision under risk or uncertainty, as well as with intertemporal decision and indiscrimination problems.

The latter are explored within a formal framework, and it is shown that the relation of pleasure is transformed by belief into a non-empty class of relations of desire, among which at least one is a preorder.     

Globalization,Neoliberalism and the attack on social security

Neoliberal political movements advocate privatization of public pension systems. Globalization imposes pressure on nations to conform to neoliberal policy views with respect to the design and structure of social insurance, including public pension systems. The paper begins with an investigation of the economic, ethical and ideological dimensions of the privatization debates in the U.S.; it argues that privatization advocates may be largely moved by ideology, since the other reasons advanced appear weak or unfounded. The second part discusses the history of Social Security, the purposes for its creation, and some of its economic effects. Differences between public and private pension systems are considered. A brief international comparison of some aspects of public pension system finance and benefit structures is presented. The final section considers the ethical, macroeconomic and distributional implications of privatization, prefunding and payroll tax funding, and argues for a pay as you go system financed with income taxes. In order to promote equity, economic security, community, and social cohesion, public pension systems should be universal in coverage. In order to reduce the inequality, income insecurity, and aged poverty generated by market economies, public pension systems ought to be progressive: benefit/contribution ratios should be inversely proportional to income, and progressive income taxes should finance the system. To promote economic growth, the systems should be financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, and should not be prefunded except for an emergency reserve. The fiscal policy recommendations partially depend upon the theory developed by Abba Lerner in the 1940s, and recently advanced by Wynne Godley and Randy Wray: Lerner's “principle of functional finance.”     

John Stuart Mill's Theory Of Justice

John Stuart Mill has traditionally been portrayed as self-contradictory and failing to construct a unified social theory. Recent scholarship, however, has challenged this view, finding Mill's work to be creatively synthetic in bridging the antinomies inherent in liberal democratic thought. This revisionist interpretation of Mill is advanced by an understanding of his theory of justice and its role in shaping his policy positions on issues such as welfare, education, voting rights, property rights, taxation, government intervention, and the future of capitalism.     

A Rich Vein for “Reality Mining”北大核心CSSCISSCI

Arik Hesseldahl In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, U.S. officials quickly turned their attention to other potential targets, including California's Golden Gate Bridge. What would happen if terrorists took down the bridge between San Francisco and Marin County? How much of the region would be affected and for how long?     

Solidified Branding Function: How the Urban Brand Affects a Small Town’s Development? Case Study of Wangqingtuo,Tianjin, China

Chinese small towns are usually developed with single core industry,and the urban brand is the identity of a town that formed with the development of its indust...     

Nonlinearity in Stock Exchange Markets: The Case of Bist 100 Indices

In this paper,using data for the Bist 100 index,we investigate the presence of nonlinearities by employing several nonlinearity tests.The Brock,Dechert,and Sche...     

Perspective on the Economic Evolution of the European Union States Under the Impact of the Pandemic and Financial-Economic Crisis

The European Union,which is at the beginning of its term of office for all Member States in the European Parliament,the European Commission,its governing body a...     

中国养活自己能力的长期预测:技术和政策分析

中国拥有世界五分之一强的人口 ,收入又在迅速增长。因此 ,国际上很自然地会考虑或推测她在今后的几十年是否有能力养活自己。中国的人口预计将从 2 0 0 0年的 1 2 8亿增长到 2 0 2 0年的 1 4 6亿 ,和 2 0 3 0年的 1 4 9亿。与此同时 ,人均收入的增长将导致对家畜和鱼类产品更大的需求 ,因而对饲料的需求也将有很大的增长     

Neurally reconstructing expected utility

While the concept of “expected utility” informs many theories of decision making, little is known about whether and how the human brain might compute this quantity. This article reviews a series of functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) experiments designed to localize brain regions that respond in anticipation of increasing amounts of monetary incentives. These studies collectively suggest that anticipation of increasing monetary gains activates a subcortical region of the ventral striatum in a magnitude-proportional manner. This ventral striatal activation is not evident during anticipation of losses. Actual gain outcomes instead activate a region of the mesial prefrontal cortex. During anticipation of gain, ventral striatal activation is accompanied by feelings characterized by increasing arousal and positive valence. These findings affirm the role of emotion in the anticipation of incentives, and may provide an initial step towards a neural reconstruction of expected utility.