保险治理与公司违规——董事高管责任保险的治理效应研究

公司治理机制被认为是影响公司违规的重要因素,然而董事高管责任保险作为一种重要的外部治理机制,是否会影响公司违规尚未得到充分研究。本文研究发现董事高管责任保险显著降低公司违规概率,符合监督效应假说。经工具变量法、Heckman两阶段模型和倾向得分匹配法稳健性检验,上述结论依然成立。影响机制分析表明,董事高管责任保险显著降低了公司违规倾向,显著增加了违规后被稽查的概率,并降低了上市公司的第一类代理成本。对董事高管责任保险的监督职能做进一步分析发现:(1)董事高管责任保险对上市公司经营违规和领导人违规的监督效应更为显著,但对信息披露违规的治理作用并不显著;(2)董事高管责任保险发挥的监督职能与股权属性和保险机构股东治理存在替代效应,与外部审计师治理和董事长CEO二职分离存在互补效应;(3)分组检验结果表明,董事高管责任保险对公司违规的监督效应在外部监管环境较差或者公司内部信息透明度较高的情况下更加显著。本文既提供了保险合约通过公司治理渠道影响公司违规的证据,同时也表明保险机构通过董事高管责任保险为中国资本市场提供了一种较为有效的公司外部治理机制。     

连锁董事联结与会计师事务所选择

本文使用网络分析方法研究董事会的关系特征(连锁董事联结)对会计师事务所选择的影响。文章基于我国A股上市公司2007年的数据样本,使用QAP(Quadratic Assignment Procedure)分析方法,研究发现:通过连锁董事联结的两家公司在选择会计师事务所时表现出一致性,即目标公司与联结公司倾向于选择同一家会计师事务所;外部连锁董事(由独立董事形成的连锁董事)与内部连锁董事(由除独立董事之外的董事形成的连锁董事)联结的两家公司在会计师事务所选择一致性方面均有显著的正向影响,但外部连锁董事联结的影响强于内部连锁董事联结;随着企业间连锁董事联结距离(直接联结为1步距离,间接联结的距离不小于2步)的增加,公司之间的会计师事务所选择一致性程度逐渐减弱。上述结论不仅在理论上表明社会网络情境会影响公司的会计师事务所的选择,而且在实践方面为相关政策提供了有益启示。     

独立董事辞职、政治关系与公司治理缺陷

本文以2006-2012年沪深主板上市公司的独立董事辞职事件作为研究对象,选取重大财务报表重述和严重违规行为作为公司治理缺陷的代理变量,考察独立董事的提前辞职行为是否能够传递公司治理缺陷的信号。研究发现:(1)独立董事提前辞职行为的确具有传递公司治理缺陷的信号作用,即相比独立董事未辞职和正常辞职的公司,独立董事提前辞职的公司下年度出现重大财务报表重述和严重违规行为的概率会显著增加;(2)细分样本后发现,政治关系会显著影响这种信号作用,即政治关系强的企业其独立董事的提前辞职行为更可能预示公司存在严重的治理缺陷。本文不仅为监管机构建立独立董事追溯处罚机制提供了理论与实证支持,而且为学术界争议已久的独立董事制度有效性提供了一种新的认知。     

财务重述与上市公司外部审计选择研究——来自中国A股市场的经验数据

本文以2001年至2009年的A股上市公司为样本,从市场角度研究财务重述与市场选择的关系。研究表明,业绩优秀的上市公司变更事务所和注册会计师会显著降低财务重述的概率,但业绩差的上市公司变更事务所和注册会计师会显著增加财务重述的概率;选择＂四大＂能显著降低财务重述的概率;但支付高的审计费用对财务重述的概率有显著影响,如果选择的＂非四大＂可以降低重述的概率,如果购买的是＂四大＂反会增加重述的概率。     

控股股东股权质押同群效应对财务重述的影响研究

随着股权质押规模的不断扩大，控股股东股权质押对公司治理的影响也越来越显著。财务重述能反映公司的治理问题，因此控股股东股权质押很可能会加剧上市公司的财务重述。本文以2018―2020年沪深A股上市公司为样本，验证了同地区上市公司控股股东股权质押存在正向的同群效应，并进一步验证了控股股东股权质押及其同群效应与公司财务重述之间的正相关关系。同时，还发现上市公司的融资约束程度和盈利水平也会在一定程度上影响控股股东股权质押，及其同群效应与财务重述之间的正相关关系。     

事务所变更、审计意见类型与财务重述

本文以2005-2009年间中国A股上市公司补充与更正报告中出现"会计差错更正"项目的公司为研究对象,分别以是否发生财务重述和重述调整方向为因变量,系统研究了事务所变更、审计意见类型对财务重述的影响。形成的结论主要有:被出具标准审计意见的公司,发生财务重述以及负向财务重述的概率均低于被出具非标审计意见的公司;没有发现事务所变更的公司发生财务重述和负向重述的概率高于事务所未变更的公司;而被出具标准审计意见的公司在事务所变更后发生负向重述的概率高于事务所未变更的公司,但没有发现其发生财务重述的概率高于事务所未变更的公司;未更换事务所的公司其前期被出具标准审计意见与发生财务重述的概率负相关,而与负向财务重述的关系不显著。     

关于公司财务治理问题的思考

本文认为公司财务治理在公司治理中居于核心地位。尽管存在三种主要模式的公司治理,但不论采用那种模式,只要财权得到有效配置,就能够在很大程度上保证公司治理是有效的。根据对财务信息生成和呈报的影响力,可以把公司财务治理中的利益主体分为两类,第一类是依赖公司内部财务治理保障其利益的主体,第二类是依赖公司外部财务治理保障其利益的主体。第一类利益主体往往利用其在公司内部财务中的优势侵犯第二类利益主体的利益,所以加强公司外部财务治理是必要的。本文还通过对安然公司财务治理问题的分析强调了这一观点。     

公司治理结构与财务重述的关系研究

论文采用计量方法和多案例研究法,探究了公司治理结构对财务重述的影响以及财务重述后公司治理结构的变化。从股权结构、董事会和管理层三方面表征公司治理结构的概念,并基于2014-2018年沪深A股上市公司11772个样本的计量分析发现:股权集中度和高管薪酬与财务重述呈显著负相关关系,董事长总经理一肩挑和董事会规模与财务重述之间呈显著的正相关关系。后续基于103家已发生财务重述公司的多案例研究发现:当财务重述发生后,公司内部治理结构也往往进行一些调整,提高股权集中度、减少董事长总经理一肩挑情况、缩小董事会规模、变更高管人员和提升高管薪酬等是一般的应对措施。论文的研究工作对公司治理结构调整、防范财务重述等具有启示作用,同时,也对财务重述和公司治理结构的相关研究提供了新的视角。     

独立董事能识别公司财务舞弊风险吗——基于机器学习预测财务舞弊的研究

本文利用机器学习方法预测公司的财务舞弊风险,同时结合中国特有的董事会投票的数据,考察独立董事是否能够识别公司的财务舞弊风险。研究发现,当公司财务舞弊风险较大时,独立董事更有可能对董事会的财务相关议案发表异议意见;并且,当独立董事具有更多财务背景或声誉更高时,这一关系更加显著。进一步研究发现,控制当年财务舞弊风险后,存在异议独董的公司未来财务舞弊风险更低。本文的研究结果表明,独立董事能够识别公司的财务舞弊风险并发挥监督作用,进而降低公司未来发生财务舞弊的概率。本文的研究结论为独立董事制度的有效性提供了直接的经验证据,拓展了相关领域的文献,也增进了我们对独立董事实际投票行为的认识。     

现代公司治理下的财务监督

公司财务监督的本质是一个以公司所有权安排为基础的财务控制权和财务收益分享权的特别合约,是公司治理结构的重要组成部分。本文主要研究公司财务监督和公司治理之间的关系,进而讨论了公司内部和外部财务监督机制的构建问题。     

Bayesian Premium Rating with Latent Structure

We propose a fully Bayesian approach to non-life risk premium rating, based on hierarchical models with latent variables for both claim frequency and claim size. Inference is based on the joint posterior distribution and is performed by Markov Chain Monte Carlo. Rather than plug-in point estimates of all unknown parameters, we take into account all sources of uncertainty simultaneously when the model is used to predict claims and estimate risk premiums. Several models are fitted to both a simulated dataset and a small portfolio regarding theft from cars. We show that interaction among latent variables can improve predictions significantly. We also investigate when interaction is not necessary. We compare our results with those obtained under a standard generalized linear model and show through numerical simulation that geographically located and spatially interacting latent variables can successfully compensate for missing covariates. However, when applied to the real portfolio data, the proposed models are not better than standard models due to the lack of spatial structure in the data.     

The development of the group accounts disclosure system in Japan

The Japanese disclosure system of consolidated statements was introduced in 1977 and extensively revised in 1997. The role of the bureaucracy has been significant in these developments and seems to be part of Japan's closed culture. However, other explanations could also be applied. In particular, although Japanese firms opposed such disclosures on the basis of preparation costs, the Japanese government had to modernize the disclosure system, including consolidation, in order to develop the securities market regardless of an individual company's interests.     

Moments of Compound Mixed Poisson Distributions

Recursive formulae are derived for the evaluation of the moments and the descending factorial moments about a point n of mixed Poisson and compound mixed Poisson distributions, in the case where the derivative of the logarithm of the mixing density can be written as a ratio of polynomials. As byproduct, we also obtain recursive formulae for the evaluation of the moments about the origin, central moments, descending and ascending factorial moments of these distributions. Examples are also presented for a number of mixing densities.     

The designing of corporate accounting law in Japan after the Second World War

After the Second World War, during the neutralization of the controlled economy of wartime Japan, a design for a Corporate Accounting Law was elaborated by the Investigation Committee on the Business Accounting System. The Investigation Committee tried to establish not only new business accounting standards but also a central and independent administrative organ of corporate accounting regulation on the basis of the Corporate Accounting Law. The Corporate Accounting Law was expected to lay the legal foundation of the new corporate accounting regulation regime in Japan. Nevertheless, even though the original design of the fundamental accounting law was never realized, it should be considered the starting point for our understanding of external accounting history in post-war Japan.     

The deliberation around accounting techniques: accounting for depreciation and foreign exchange in an Indian jute company, 1870-1900

This paper examines the way two accounting techniques, namely depreciation and foreign exchange, were deliberated on, between 1870 and 1900, in an Indian jute company whose shareholders resided in the UK. The arena for these deliberations was the conflictual relationship between controlling and non-controlling shareholders as to how best to account for depreciation and foreign exchange especially when the particular accountings affected distributional issues such as the dividend decision. The purpose of this paper is to analyse and explain the processes by which a company's accounting practices emerge and develop as a contest between different interests. Accounting framed the parameters of the deliberations and provided the language of power and dissent. The paper uses a rich archive that includes narrative and accounting material.     

Short-sale refinancing and price adjustment speed to bad news: Evidence from a quasi-natural experiment in China

Short selling may accelerate stock price adjustment to negative news. However, the literature provides mixed evidence for this prediction. Using short-sale refinancing and a staggered difference-in-differences (DID) model, this paper explores the effect of short selling on stock price adjustment. Our results show that (1) short-sale refinancing improves the speed of stock price adjustment to negative news. This result holds after we control for endogeneity. (2) The positive relationship between short-sale refinancing and stock price adjustment speed is significant in subsamples of stocks with higher earnings management or lower accuracy of analyst forecasts, indicating that firms with more opaque information are more likely to be targeted by short sellers. In subsamples of stocks with a higher ownership concentration or lower ownership by institutional investors, short selling is more likely to increase the speed of stock price adjustment, indicating that ownership structure may influence negative news mining. (3) As short-sale refinancing exacerbates the absorption of bad news by stock prices, it increases crash risk. This study enriches the research on the economic consequences of short selling and provides empirical evidence supporting regulations on short selling in China.     

Pricing Dynamic Insurance Risks Using the Principle of Equivalent Utility

We introduce an expected utility approach to price insurance risks in a dynamic financial market setting. The valuation method is based on comparing the maximal expected utility functions with and without incorporating the insurance product, as in the classical principle of equivalent utility. The pricing mechanism relies heavily on risk preferences and yields two reservation prices - one each for the underwriter and buyer of the contract. The framework is rather general and applies to a number of applications that we extensively analyze.     

Guidelines for Manuscripts Submitted to The China Journal of Accounting Research

正The China Journal of Accounting Research"CJAR"(ISSN 1755-3091)publishes quarterly.It contains peer-reviewed articles and commentaries on accounting,auditing and corporate governance issues that relate to the greater China region.We welcome the submission of both theoretical and empirical research papers pertinent to researchers,regulators and practitioners.Authors should note:1 Submissions must be original     

International harmonization of Japanese accounting standards

Historically, Japanese accounting standards have been quite distinct from International Accounting Standards (IASs) which have been perceived as being modelled on British-American accounting standards. However, in the 1990s, after the publication of E32 in 1989 and the IASC-IOSCO Agreement in 1995, the Business Accounting Deliberation Committee (BADC), the standards-setting body in Japan, has pursued a policy of harmonization with IASs. Accounting standards relating to consolidated financial statements of companies that make cross-border offerings of securities or operate worldwide are being revised drastically. This paper focuses on the development of international accounting harmonization and its impact on Japan.     

Guidelines for Manuscripts Submitted to The China Journal of Accounting Research

正The China Journal of Accounting Research"CJAR"(ISSN 1755-3091)publishes quarterly.It contains peer-reviewed articles and commentaries on accounting,auditing and corporate governance issues that relate to the greater China region.We welcome the submission of both theoretical and empirical research papers pertinent to researchers,regulators and practitioners.Authors should note: