基于DSGE模型的我国核心通货膨胀研究

文章以新凯恩斯粘性价格理论为基础,采用DSGE模型,为我国核心通货膨胀指数的核算构建了微观基础,并因此获得了各部门价格指数的最优权重。分析认为：最优的权重受部门价格粘性、随机冲击以及部门产出缺口的价格弹性等因素的影响而变化,随着部门的价格粘性的增加而增加,且随着随机冲击方差的减少而增加,又随着部门产出缺口的价格弹性的增加而增加。与CPI指数相比,由最优权重所核算出来的核心通货膨胀指数更加的平滑稳定,没有剧烈的波动,基本上反映了CPI指数的核心趋势。并且文章的研究结论与侯成琪等(2011)的研究也相一致。因此,文章建议其可以作为我国货币政策制定与实施的具有福利标准的参考锚的。     

评价核心通货膨胀:方法及中国数据的检验

本文从持续性通货膨胀和普遍性通货膨胀等核心通货膨胀的基本理念出发,提出评价核心通货膨胀的关键之处在于检验一个核心通货膨胀度量方法能否有效、彻底地剔除标题通货膨胀中由暂时性冲击或部门特有冲击导致的价格变化,进而提出从基本统计性质、核心通货膨胀是标题通货膨胀的吸引子、标题通货膨胀不是核心通货膨胀的吸引子等三个角度评价核心通货膨胀。本文采用中国的居民消费价格指数及其八大分类价格指数的历史数据对十二种常用的核心通货膨胀度量进行了有效性检验,发现SVAR方法和加权中位数法是比较有效的核心通货膨胀度量方法,其原因在于这两种方法能够有效地识别哪些价格变化应该引起货币政策的反应、哪些价格变化不应该引起货币政策的反应。     

中国核心通货膨胀的估计——基于贝叶斯Gibbs Sampler状态空间模型

观测到的通货膨胀可以分解为趋势成分和暂时成分,其中的趋势成分即核心通货膨胀。准确度量核心通货膨胀对宏观经济政策的制定和经济形势的判断有重要意义。本文首先建立了估计核心通货膨胀的状态空间模型,然后将贝叶斯Gibbs Sampler方法应用于估计该状态空间模型的参数,以克服卡尔曼滤波的缺陷。本文估计了1991-2010年的核心CPI,结果表明估计的核心CPI很好地反映了货币政策的变化,同CPI相比,核心CPI有较小的波动性并且与货币供给增长率具有更强的相关性。由此得出结论,当前只要食品价格不出现持续的大幅上涨,同时继续保持稳健的货币政策,中国就不会出现严重的通货膨胀,即使个别食品价格上涨造成CPI上涨也必然是不可持续的。     

新凯恩斯货币政策模型

估计了新凯恩斯主义最优价格模型,并评估利用模型如何描述美国的产出、通货膨胀和利率变动;考虑模型中外在习惯形成是否影响消费者行为,并说明定价方法和通货指数形成价格和通胀惯性。该模型的时间一致均衡原则是用来估计关键行为参数的,据此研究最优货币政策的适应性。     

中国通货膨胀持久性分析:基于经济结构变化的视角

本文从经济结构变化的视角,对中国通货膨胀持久性变化进行了分析,结果表明,无论是采用传统的AR方法还是新凯恩斯菲利普斯曲线方法估计,中国通货膨胀持久性在2000年之后都出现了明显的减弱,减弱的幅度在10%左右。除通货膨胀预期和外部汇率变化冲击因素的影响外,第一产业和第二产业的加权经济增长率等经济结构变化因素对通货膨胀率的影响亦非常显著,其中,第二产业加权经济增长率的减缓对中国通货膨胀持久性的减弱发挥了主导作用,第一产业与通货膨胀持久性负相关,而第三产业的加快发展将有利于弱化中国通货膨胀持久性。     

基于新凯恩斯混合菲利普斯曲线的中国货币状况指数构建及其应用

实证研究表明,我国的菲利普斯曲线是一条兼顾前瞻性和后顾性的新凯恩斯混合型菲利普斯曲线。有鉴于此,本文通过构建一个新凯恩混合斯菲利普斯曲线方程来估计中国MCI的权重。对这一新凯恩斯菲利普斯曲线方程的GMM估计结果表明,中国MCI三个要素（利率、汇率和货币供应量）的权重比例为1：9.8：35.1。分析显示我们构建的MCI指数走势很好地对应了中国通货膨胀的反向运动。进一步的计量和统计分析表明,我们构建的MCI指数不但可以作为中国货币政策的信息指示器,还是一个潜在的货币政策操作目标变量,但还不足以用作诸如BT型和Ball型等形式的货币政策规则。     

新古典一般均衡与凯恩斯货币均衡的比较研究

以“技术关系”分析为核心的新古典一般均衡和以“社会关系”分析为核心的凯恩斯动态货币均衡在假定条件、货币的性质、均衡的条件及分析方法上都存在着根本差异。通过比较这两种均衡理论,可以看出新古典货币理论存在逻辑矛盾,现代宏观经济学的微观基础应当是凯恩斯货币均衡理论。用马克思的方法而不是新古典的方法来改造凯恩斯经济学,是发展凯恩斯理论的科学路径。     

通货膨胀和紧缩下经济政策乘数作用的对比

在通货膨胀和通货紧缩环境下，宏观经济政策具有不同的作用效果。新凯恩斯经济学认为，在通货紧缩环境下，由于价格粘性和调整成本等原因，将导致经济政策乘数作用更为显著。但是我们通过模型检验发现，在我国经济运行的不同价格变化阶段，这种新凯恩斯经济学有政策命题并不成立。在通货紧缩环境下，财政政策和货币政策乘数均出现了明显降低，其原因是有效需求不足，导致政府投资乘数作用下降和货币政策实际作用减弱。     

知识经济与新凯恩斯主义工资粘性理论的发展

本文探索知识经济的新特征是新凯恩斯主义工资粘性理论发展的客观基础，在知识经济时代生产力核心要素的变化和劳动力市场供需双方的博弈行为导致微观经济主体企业的工资 管理功能变化，并认为面临知识经济挑战，新凯恩斯主义工资粘性理论对我国企业在劳动力市场的经济对策有一定的启示作用。     

新凯恩斯主义货币经济学的新发展

垄断竞争和价格的刚性是新凯恩斯经济学的两大基础。垄断竞争造成了经济中的无效率;而价格调整的刚性则被认为是造成经济波动的重要因素。近年来,新凯恩斯主义的货币经济学通过结合垄断竞争和名义刚性两大理论基石,形成了一个标准的货币分析框架,即新新古典综合理论。新凯恩斯主义货币经济学的这次综合在充分吸收了理性预期等新古典经济学概念的同时,从本质上改变了传统的凯恩斯经济理论。     

Real wage rigidities and optimal monetary policy in a small open economy

The main objective of the study is to provide a theoretical analysis of optimal monetary policy in a small open economy where households set real wage in a staggered fashion. The introduction of real wage rigidities plays a important role to resolve main shortcomings of the standard new Keynesian small open economy model. The main findings regarding the issue of monetary policy design can be summarized as three fold. First, the optimal policy is to seek to minimize variance of domestic price inflation, real wage inflation, and the output gap if both domestic price and real wage are sticky. Second, controlling CPI inflation directly or indirectly induces relatively large volatility in output gap and other inflations. Therefore, both CPI inflation-based Taylor rule and nominal wage-inflation based Taylor rule are suboptimal. Last, a policy that responds to a real wage inflation is most desirable.     

The rise of market power and Ramsey‐optimal policy implications

De Loecker, Eeckhout, and Unger document that since 1980 aggregate markups in the U.S. economy have significantly increased from 21% above cost to 61% now. In light of this evidence, this paper revisits optimal fiscal and monetary policy recommendations of standard New Keynesian models and shows that under empirically relevant calibrations of market power they radically change: the optimal inflation rate becomes significantly positive and its optimal volatility sharply rises. Moreover, inflation behaves like a random walk in response to unexpected fiscal shocks. Thus, price stability ceases to be the optimal policy outcome.     

Output,Inflation and the New Keynesian Phillips Curve

Explicit modelling of factor markets clarifies two fundamental aspects of the New Keynesian Phillips Curve (NKPC). First, we clarify the relationship between output and marginal cost. Second, for the NKPC in inflation–output space, we identify the key stochastic influences on inflation without recourse to ad hoc cost or excess demand shocks. The econometric implementation of this clarified NKPC, which evolves strictly according news on the stream of future marginal costs, allows us jointly to derive inflation as a forecast of future variables. Our approach clarifies the empirical successes and failures of the NKPC and allows us to provide new aggregate evidence on the degree of price rigidity in the UK economy.     

WELFARE COSTS OF SHIFTING TREND INFLATION: STAGGERED WAGE AND PRICE CONTRACTS

We develop a New Keynesian model featuring staggered price and wage contracts to study welfare costs of exogenous variations in trend inflation. The analyses show that the consequences of constant positive trend inflation and shifting trend inflation are severe, especially when trend inflation is high. Among two channels, staggered wage contracts play a vital role in transmitting adverse impacts of constant and shifting trend inflation into the economy. Without the staggered wage channel, these costs are modest. We also conduct exercises to examine the sensitivity of welfare costs to a wide range of plausible parameters. The results show that if the price and wage friction are sufficiently large, the price and wage indexation level are sufficiently small, or there is upward biased trend inflation process, the welfare costs become larger.     

Stabilizing and destabilizing mechanisms: A new perspective to understand business cycles

Economists believe that economic fluctuations can be smoothed by stabilization mechanisms, such as price adjustment, embedded in the economy. While price adjustment can be seen as a stabilization mechanism, are there mechanisms that can destabilize an economy? We find that as early as 1939, Harrod discussed a destabilization mechanism, the firm's investment adjustment, illustrated in his knife-edge puzzle. We build a macro-dynamic model with investment and price as the core macroeconomic variables. Our analysis shows that the interaction between the stabilization mechanism (price adjustment) and the destabilization mechanism (investment adjustment) generates fluctuations and cycles. However, due to price stickiness, the price adjustment mechanism may not be enough to stabilize the economy. In this case, a government stabilization policy is necessary for further stabilization. As this paper also addresses the microfoundations of Keynesian quantity theory, including the choice of output and investment in optimization, it can be related to traditional Keynesian economics, with a new perspective to understand business cycles.     

Monetary Policy with Sectoral Trade‐Offs

We formulate a two‐sector New Keynesian economy featuring sectoral heterogeneity along three dimensions: price stickiness, consumption goods durability, and the usage of input materials in production. These factors affect both inter‐sectoral and intra‐sectoral stabilization. We examine the welfare properties of simple rules that react to alternative measures of final goods price inflation. Due to factor demand linkages, the cost of production in one sector is influenced by price‐setting in the other sector. Therefore, measures of aggregate inflation weighting sectoral prices based on their relative stickiness do not allow one to keep track of the effective speeds of sectoral price adjustment.     

Does Inflation Grease the Wheels of Adjustment? New evidence from the US economy

This paper presents a new interpretation of the Phillips curve that rests on the process of nominal wage adjustment in a multi-sector economy. Nominal demand growth causes inflation in sectors with full employment, but it speeds up the process of employment creation in sectors with unemployment. As a result, demand-pull inflation is associated with both a reduction in the duration of unemployment and the economy wide average rate of unemployment. The paper provides empirical evidence from the US economy consistent with this claim.     

Policy trade-off in the long run: A new Keynesian model with technological change and money growth

In this study, we introduce a constant rate of technological change and money growth into the standard new Keynesian model, in which both prices and nominal wages are supposed to be sticky. Using such a model, we examine whether a policy trade-off exists between curbing inflation and stabilizing the welfare-relevant output gap in the steady state. If we take only price stickiness into consideration, a policy trade-off does not occur. However, if both nominal wage stickiness and price stickiness are taken into consideration, a policy trade-off occurs.     

WELFARE COST OF INFALTION IN A NEW KEYNESIAN MODEL

We study the welfare cost of inflation in a new Keynesian dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model. Nominal prices and wages are subjected to Taylor‐style adjustments in the benchmark model. We find that the welfare cost of inflation in a new Keynesian dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model is much higher than its counterpart in a real business cycle model. We also find that the welfare cost of inflation increases linearly with the inflation rate with the introduction of monopolistic competition but rises faster as the inflation rate increases with the introduction of nominal rigidity. Alternative price and wage setting schemes, such as Rotemberg and Calvo‐style adjustments would yield welfare costs of moderate inflation that are 2–10 times higher.     

Flattening of the New Keynesian Phillips curve: Evidence for an emerging,small open economy

The flattening of the Phillips curve is a vigorously investigated phenomenon in many advanced economies. Still little evidence has been presented for emerging, small open economies facing persistently low inflation. In this paper I address this issue through rigorous estimation of a substantial number of stylized, open-economy hybrid new Keynesian Phillips curves for Poland. I find robust evidence of the flattening of the Phillips curve and the rising impact of external factors for both headline and core inflation. I conclude that during excessive disinflation in Poland the flattening of the Phillips curve can be partly explained by the underutilization of labour, whereas the stronger impact of global factors on core inflation suggests strengthening indirect effects. The changes in the estimated parameters indicate that the macroeconomic cost of bringing inflation back to the desired target has increased. Further identification of the reasons behind the flattening of the Phillips curve in an emerging, small open economy should provide useful insights for monetary policy.