消费者寻求多样化与企业定价竞争

消费者寻求多样化的购买行为会对寡头企业之间的价格竞争和经济效率产生重要影响。文章研究发现,针对消费者寻求多样化的购买行为,企业会对忠诚的消费者给予价格优惠,而对新顾客索取高价;消费者寻求多样化购买行为弱化了企业两期价格竞争,导致"默契合谋";而以两期统一定价为基准的经济效率分析显示,歧视定价机制促进了企业间竞争,导致消费者剩余增加,企业利润减少。     

消费者寻求多样化、拥塞效应和厂商歧视 定价竞争

在一些同时存在消费者寻求多样化购买和拥塞效应的行业,寡头厂商广泛使用基于消费者购买历史进行歧视定价的商业模式,文章建立了动态博弈模型针对这类行业和商业模式进行了深入研究.研究结果表明厂商实施歧视定价源于消费者寻求多样化购买,而且消费者寻求多样化和拥塞效应会导致厂商每一期产生"默契合谋".与统一定价相比,歧视定价会增加消费者福利,降低社会总福利.进一步的定价策略选择研究发现,寡头厂商都会选择获利较少的歧视性定价策略,陷入"囚徒困境"的境地.对于文章所研究的行业,厂商应该利用信息技术,积极使用这种定价策略,而公共政策不应过多地干预.     

递增阶梯定价:一个综述

作为较独特的非线性定价,递增阶梯定价使消费者预算凸边界非光滑,进而导致某些消费者消费决策异度集中而难以甄别。此特征致使递增阶梯定价机制的理论和实证研究非常复杂。鉴于公共资源的特殊性,公共资源定价需要合理地兼顾效率、社会公正和成本完全补偿原则。在多元化目标角度上,本文初步验证了递增阶梯定价机制的最优性,虽然此最优性受制于接入率和特征信息等假定。递增阶梯定价下的需求设定趋于统一但估计方法却趋于复杂化和多样化。关于递增阶梯定价下的(价格和收入)需求效应明显与否的问题存在完全相反的结果,实证研究和理论对其不一致性给出多种解释和探讨。这种差异性可能由于消费者对价格、价格设计者对家庭特征等信息不完全,还可能因为各实证分析结果中的时间、市场或产品特征维度含义差异所致。基于多元化目标和资源特性的递增阶梯定价机制的设计和执行问题,将成为递增阶梯定价理论研究发展的一大方向。     

风险传导下的定价机制:双边市场理论考察

网络外部性使得企业面临是否选择双边市场的问题.本文考虑风险传导因素及其带来的网络外部性,采用双边市场理论模型进行分析,结果表明:当与企业生产相关的消费品都处于较稳定的市场环境,且企业与各类消费者之间都是多期可重复博弈时,采用双边市场机制定价通常较单边市场为佳;而当市场参与者缺乏谈判能力,且又存在风险传导机制的情况下,采用单边市场机制定价会更合理.根据理论分析结果,本文解释了中国信用卡、家电销售以及奶制品等行业的成功与失败定价案例.     

商业团购交易定价研究

商业团购是目前占主导地位的网络团购模式。本文在分析商业团购含义和特点的基础上,重点研究了商业团购交易定价的特点,认为商业团购的定价具有折扣较大、价格恒定及信息对称的特点;然后分析了影响商业团购交易定价的七种主要因素,包括供应商的成本大小、供应商团购的目标、团购网站的谈判能力、该地区竞争者数目、该商品或服务潜在消费者数目、商品或服务的差异化程度、该地区市场细分程度;最后利用多因素需求函数、多厂商联合定价的Bertrand竞争模型和决策收益矩阵给出商业团购交易定价的三种策略:需求定价策略、边际成本定价策略和目标导向定价策略。     

中国商业银行消费者贷款定价研究

消费者贷款定价属于商业银行贷款定价的零售业务,目前我国商业银行主要采用成本加成定价方法对消费贷款品种进行定价。但这种定价方法有缺陷。笔者把客户盈利性分析定价应用到消费信贷定价中,并对它有所改进,从而建立了一种更适合消费信贷定价的模型。     

数字经济背景下个性化定价反垄断研究

文章基于国内外个性化定价的反垄断立法及执法实践的分析,认为个性化定价是对消费者实施剥削性滥用的价格歧视,会对消费者选择能力和市场竞争造成限制.鉴于个性化定价对竞争及社会福利的影响,文章认为,对于个性化定价同时降低消费者剩余和社会总福利的行为,具有限制竞争的效果且不具备正当抗辩理由,以《反垄断法》第17条予以处理;对降低消费者剩余同时提升社会总福利的个性化定价,按照消费者福利标准,以《反垄断法》第17条予以处理,而按照社会总福利标准且具备正当理由,则不具有违法性;如果个性化定价同时提高消费者剩余和社会总福利,对限制竞争的效果评估则需反垄断执法部门在实践中予以明确.     

价格歧视在旅游产品定价中的应用

文章在阐述消费者剩余理论和价格歧视理论的基础上 ,结合旅游产品的特点 ,把价格歧视理论应用到旅游产品的定价分析中 ,提出了旅游产品定价的四种模式。强调只要应用恰当的旅游产品定价模式 ,最终达到供求双赢的局面是可能的     

转移定价在军工企业事业部的应用

转移定价是同一组织内部,一个分部提供产品和劳务给另一个分部的要价。合理的内部转移价格对完善企业内部市场激励机制、优化资源配置、实现企业利益最大化有重要的助推作用。文章从内部转移价格的意义、方法等方面进行阐述,并运用A所建立"成本中心型"W事业部后延用前期绩效结算方法现状分析、以及就标准成本加成作为内部转移价格进行实例比较分析,认为在当前以成本中心型事业部下,选择标准成本加成的内部转移定价最为合理有效。     

策略型消费者的动态定价机制与返还合同设计

当面临需求、市场环境、宏观政策等诸多因素的不确定性时,越来越多的厂商采用动态价格策略来增加利润。随着这种策略的广泛应用,消费者选择持币观望而导致市场低迷。本文应用Stackelberg博弈模型和合同设计理论,考虑厂商在面对这些可能延迟购买的消费者时,如何决定价格策略。研究结果表明,厂商通过动态定价无法对高保留价格的消费者实现完全的价格歧视,但可以通过一个返还的合同设计最大限度地获得这些高保留价格消费者的消费者剩余。最后,通过比较价格歧视与返还合同下的利润,指出差别定价和返还合同的适用条件。     

日本药品价格政策研究及对我国的启示

本文采用文献研究法对日本的药品价格政策进行了分析。研究表明,日本的药品价格政策,尤其在新药价格管理、医疗保险制度、仿制药定价、药价调整及政府定价范围等方面有较为科学的定价流程及依据,非常值得我国借鉴。     

金融资产定价理论的历史回顾与展望

金融资产定价理论是金融学的核心问题，华尔街的两次“革命”都源自于对资产定价理论的研讨。通过对金融资产定价理论的历史文献回顾，可以把资产定价理论大致分为三个阶段：萌芽阶段、发展阶段和繁荣阶段。其中，萌芽阶段在20世纪50年代以前的时间段，发展阶段在20世纪50年代到70年代，繁荣阶段则在20世纪80年代以后到目前的时间段。最后对金融资产定价理论做出展望，指出现代数学方法的运用仍是资产定价理论向前发展的动力。     

Responsive pricing

We study the efficiency property of responsive pricing, a scheme that proposes to increase prices as a function of the level of capacity utilization in environments where traditional allocation schemes (e.g. competitive markets, non-linear pricing) cannot be implemented in practice. We show that although responsive pricing implements allocations that are arbitrarily close to full capacity utilization (no wasted capacity and no excess demand), these allocations are not always efficient. We identify conditions under which efficiency occurs and discuss implications for the use of responsive pricing. We would like to thank seminar participants at the LSE, Venezia, Toulouse, and Copenhagen as well as Piero Gottardi, Karel Mertens, Marco Ottaviani, Markus Poschke, Karl Schlag, and Sanne Zwart for useful comments.     

When does tiered wholesale pricing create an incentive to reduce retail prices?

Wholesale ‘ladder pricing’ involves setting the wholesale price retailers face as a nonlinear (generally increasing) function of price chosen by retailers. This form of wholesale pricing occurred recently in UK Telecoms, and the issue became extensively debated in the law courts. A major concern in deciding the merits of the case lay with the question of whether or not the introduction of tiered wholesale pricing created incentives for retailers to actually reduce their prices. This paper examines the incentive for the case where the wholesale tariff is a non-linear continuous differentiable function. It is shown that so long as the tariff is strictly increasing, convex, and positive only for retail prices greater than the maximum retailer marginal cost, then there is indeed an incentive to reduce price, whatever the actual gradient of the tariff schedule.     

ReasOns Analysis and Countermeasures Research on Enterprise Sinking Kamikaze Pricing

The penetration pricing strategy is discussed in this paper firstly, and then the Kamikaze pricing and relevant problems are analyzed. Finally some countermeasures are presented for enterprise to avoid sinking Kamikaze pricing.     

Estimating Water Demand under Increasing-Block Tariffs Using Aggregate Data and Proportions of Users per Block

The price specification suggested by Nordin (1976) for theanalysis of demand under block tariffs is applied to estimatewater demand functions using aggregate data from the Northwest ofSpain. The traditional way of using Nordin's specification whenonly aggregate data are available (using values of marginal priceand difference faced by the average user) is compared with thetheoretically correct one. The latter uses the average marginalprice and the average difference, these averages being weighted bythe proportion of users per block. The availability of data on theproportion of users per block permits also the explicit modellingof the choice of block. The results show that, in the sampleanalyzed, the values of price elasticity under the traditionalspecification and the more innovative one are not significantlydifferent.     

Early exercise European option and early termination American option pricing models

The maximum relative error between continuous-time American option pricing model and binomial tree model is very small. In order to improve the European and American options in trade course, the thesis tried to build early exercise European option and early termination American option pricing models. Firstly, the authors reviewed the characteristics of American option and European option, then there was compares between them. Base on continuous-time American option pricing model, this research analyzed the value of these options.     

论转让定价与税收问题

转让定价问题是随着世界经济的发展、全球经济一体化的趋势逐渐增强、跨国公司逐步增多的情况下而日益突出的重要经济行为。转让定价行为引起国际收入、费用分配的变化,从而影响有关国家或地区的经济刺益。因此,受到各国政府及经济专家的格外关注,成为经济领域的热门话题。转让定价对税收影响很大,如果在税制上不加以严格规定,会造成税收大量流失。     

Access charges under two-tier pricing

This article analyzes the regulation of access charges in a liberalized postal market where operators use two-tier pricing. It develops a model of vertical product differentiation that allows determination of the demand for First and Second Class mail from an incumbent postal operator and a group of entrants. The optimal access charges for First and Second Class letters are determined as well as the optimal quality for these services.      

Third decimal place odd prices trigger competition: evidence from the Italian retail gasoline market

Recent literature shows that in the US gasoline prices are higher in locations using more odd prices (particularly those ending in five and nine digits), since they coarse the pricing grid and act as a focal collusive point. We replicate this analysis for the Italian market, obtaining the opposite result. Since the rightmost digit of the retail gasoline prices in Italy is the third and not the second decimal place, coarsening the pricing grid is not sufficient to support a collusive behaviour.